Abstract
Rhizobium spp. manifests strong nitrogen fixation ability in legumes. However, their significance as biocontrol agents and antivirals has rarely been investigated. Under greenhouse conditions, the molecularly identified nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1, isolated from the root nodules of faba bean plants, was tested as a soil inoculum or a foliar application to trigger faba bean plants’ resistance against Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection. Compared to the non-treated faba bean plants, the applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar application significantly promoted growth and improved total chlorophyll content, resulting in a considerable reduction in disease incidence and severity and the inhibition index of BYMV in the treated faba bean plants. Furthermore, the protective activities of 33504-Alex1 were associated with significant reductions in non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and remarkably increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content compared to the BYMV treatment at 20 days post-inoculation. Additionally, an increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] and induced transcriptional levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins ( PR-1 , PR-3 , and PR-5 ) were observed. Of the 19 polyphenolic compounds detected in faba bean leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, gallic and vanillic acids were completely shut down in BYMV treatment. Interestingly, the 33504-Alex1 treatments were associated with the induction and accumulation of the most detected polyphenolic compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed hexadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, tetraneurin-A-Diol, oleic acid, and isochiapin B are the major compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of 33504-Alex1 culture filtrate (CF), suggesting it acts as an elicitor for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in faba bean plants. Consequently, the capacity of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1 to enhance plant growth and induce systemic resistance to BYMV infection will support the incorporation of 33504-Alex1 as a fertilizer and biocontrol agent and offer a new strategy for crop protection, sustainability, and environmental safety in agriculture production.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium soil or foliar treatment promoted faba bean growth and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar applicatione0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1
Rhizobium leguminosarume1symbiont - Outcome
- growth and improved total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- non-treated faba bean plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the non-treated faba bean plants, the applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar application significantly promoted growth and improved total chlorophyll content”
e1“Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium treatments reduced BYMV disease incidence and severity.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar applicatione1
- Interactor
- BYMV
Bean yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- disease incidence and severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“considerable reduction in disease incidence and severity and the inhibition index of BYMV in the treated faba bean plants”
e1“applications of 33504-Alex1 in either soil or foliar application”
e2“Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium treatments reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde compared with BYMV treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Alex1e2
- Interactor
- BYMVBean yellow mosaic viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- BYMV treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions in non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA)]”
e1“compared to the BYMV treatment at 20 days post-inoculation”
e2“protective activities of 33504-Alex1”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium increased radical scavenging and total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Alex1 treatmentse1
- Outcome
- DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remarkably increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content”
e1“33504-Alex1 treatments”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium increased SOD and PPO enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Alex1 treatmentse1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)]e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)]”
e1“33504-Alex1 treatments”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium induced PR-1, PR-3 and PR-5 transcription.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Alex1 treatmentse1
- Gene
- PR-1 , PR-3 , and PR-5e0
- Outcome
- transcriptional levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteinse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced transcriptional levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins ( PR-1 , PR-3 , and PR-5 )”
e1“33504-Alex1 treatments”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic and vanillic acids were absent under BYMV treatment.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- BYMV treatmente0
- Interactor
- BYMVBean yellow mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- gallic and vanillic acidse0
- Direction
- completely shut downe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gallic and vanillic acids were completely shut down in BYMV treatment”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium induced accumulation of most detected polyphenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- 33504-Alex1 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- most detected polyphenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- induction and accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“33504-Alex1 treatments were associated with the induction and accumulation of the most detected polyphenolic compounds”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Four chemicals were major components of the Rhizobium culture filtrate.
Verbatim
e0“hexadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, tetraneurin-A-Diol, oleic acid, and isochiapin B are the major compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of 33504-Alex1 culture filtrate (CF)”
The same questions in other papers
application · Rhizobium leguminosarum · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · Bean yellow mosaic virus · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.