Abstract
Low temperatures affect plant growth, development, and geographical distribution. Cryptomeriafortunei (Chinese cedar) is a major industrial tree species used for timber manufacturing in southern China. However, its popularization and application in northern China are limited due to its poor low-temperature resistance (approximately −6 °C), and its overwintering mechanism remains unclear. Here, we performed physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses of overwintering C.fortunei needles at three stages: before winter, during winter, and in early spring. Physiological analyses showed that electrolyte leakage, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and protein contents increased, while the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (YII), and chlorophyll content decreased as overwintering progressed. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that downregulated gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (CTK), and auxin signal transduction and upregulated abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, brassinosteroids (BR), and jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathways promoted the winter acclimation of C.fortunei, while the opposite expression pattern promoted the transition from dormancy to growth. In addition, upregulated genes/metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, cold-related protein and fatty acid desaturases, and downregulated photosynthesis-related pathways promoted winter acclimation, while five (WRKY, AP2/ERF, NAC, MYB, and bHLH) and three (AP2/ERF, MYB, and bHLH) transcription factors were associated with winter acclimation and early spring transition from dormancy to growth, respectively. In summary, we report the first transcriptome of overwintering C.fortunei, providing a foundation for the cultivation of and research on overwintering varieties.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage, H2O2 and MDA increased during overwintering.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortunei
Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0 - Outcome
- electrolyte leakage, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological analyses showed that electrolyte leakage, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and protein contents increased”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar and protein contents increased during overwintering.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar, and protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, and protein contents increased”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosystem II yields and chlorophyll content decreased during overwintering.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (YII), and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (YII), and chlorophyll content decreased as overwintering progressed.”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced GA, SA, cytokinin and auxin signaling pathways promoted winter acclimation.
- Taxon
- C.fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensise0
- Outcome
- winter acclimatione0
- Qualifier
- downregulated gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (CTK), and auxin signal transductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulated gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (CTK), and auxin signal transduction and upregulated abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, brassinosteroids (BR), and jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathways promoted the winter acclimation of C.fortunei”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased ABA, ethylene, BR and JA signaling pathways promoted winter acclimation.
- Taxon
- C.fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensise0
- Outcome
- winter acclimatione0
- Qualifier
- upregulated abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, brassinosteroids (BR), and jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, brassinosteroids (BR), and jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathways promoted the winter acclimation of C.fortunei”
Claim · model-written summary
The opposite signaling pattern promoted transition from dormancy to growth.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Outcome
- transition from dormancy to growthe0
- Qualifier
- opposite expression patterne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the opposite expression pattern promoted the transition from dormancy to growth.”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Upregulated phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, starch, sucrose, cold protein and fatty acid desaturase pathways promoted winter acclimation.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Outcome
- winter acclimatione0
- Qualifier
- upregulated genes/metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, cold-related protein and fatty acid desaturasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“upregulated genes/metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, cold-related protein and fatty acid desaturases, and downregulated photosynthesis-related pathways promoted winter acclimation”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Downregulated photosynthesis pathways promoted winter acclimation.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Outcome
- winter acclimatione0
- Qualifier
- downregulated photosynthesis-related pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downregulated photosynthesis-related pathways promoted winter acclimation”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Five transcription factor families were associated with winter acclimation.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Gene
- WRKY, AP2/ERF, NAC, MYB, and bHLHe0
- Outcome
- winter acclimatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“five (WRKY, AP2/ERF, NAC, MYB, and bHLH) and three (AP2/ERF, MYB, and bHLH) transcription factors were associated with winter acclimation and early spring transition from dormancy to growth, respectively.”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
Three transcription factor families were associated with early spring transition from dormancy to growth.
- Taxon
- Cryptomeria fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensist0
- Gene
- AP2/ERF, MYB, and bHLHe0
- Outcome
- early spring transition from dormancy to growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three (AP2/ERF, MYB, and bHLH) transcription factors were associated with winter acclimation and early spring transition from dormancy to growth, respectively.”
t0“Cryptomeria fortunei Needles”
Claim · model-written summary
The study reported the first transcriptome of overwintering Cryptomeria fortunei.
- Taxon
- C.fortuneiCryptomeria japonica var. sinensise0
- Outcome
- first transcriptomee0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we report the first transcriptome of overwintering C.fortunei”