Abstract
In temperate monsoon areas, major constraints of soybean production in drained paddy fields are excess soil water during monsoon seasons. To further understand how agronomic practices and weather course affect the yield of soybeans, we conducted field experiments at Gwangju, Korea (35°10′ N, 126°53′ E) over three years (2018–2020). Double-crop soybeans were grown at two tillage systems (TS) [rotary tillage (RT), deep plowing followed by rotary tillage (DPRT)] and three sowing dates (SD) (June 10–15, June 25–30, and July 10–15) in drained paddy fields. Flowering phenology (R2) was accelerated by 5 days with each 15-day delay in SD. This resulted in a significant reduction in vegetative growth up to R2, with subsequent reductions in CGR and NAR through R2–R5 (beginning of grain filling). With a 30-day delay in SD, yield was significantly reduced by 27.0%. The better performance of RT over DPRT was demonstrated by greater yields (13.7%). In addition, yield was greatly varied with weather volatility among years, ranging from 123.8 to 552.0 g m−2. Weather volatility was the greatest contributor to yield variability (30.4%), followed by SD (17.0%) and TS (10.3%). Our results suggest that the yield might be mainly determined by how much growth has already been achieved before flowering and through R2–R5.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Each 15-day sowing delay accelerated R2 flowering by 5 days.
- Taxon
- Soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 15-day delay in SDe0
- Outcome
- Flowering phenology (R2)e0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Value
- 5 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering phenology (R2) was accelerated by 5 days with each 15-day delay in SD.”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing significantly reduced vegetative growth through R2.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- delay in SDe1
- Outcome
- vegetative growth up to R2e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This resulted in a significant reduction in vegetative growth up to R2, with subsequent reductions in CGR and NAR through R2–R5 (beginning of grain filling).”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing reduced CGR through R2–R5.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- delay in SDe1
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with subsequent reductions in CGR and NAR through R2–R5 (beginning of grain filling)”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing reduced NAR through R2–R5.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- delay in SDe1
- Outcome
- NARe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with subsequent reductions in CGR and NAR through R2–R5 (beginning of grain filling)”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 30-day sowing delay significantly reduced yield by 27.0%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With a 30-day delay in SD, yield was significantly reduced by 27.0%.”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage yielded 13.7% more than deep plowing followed by rotary tillage.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- RTe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 13.7%e0
- Comparator
- DPRTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The better performance of RT over DPRT was demonstrated by greater yields (13.7%).”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield varied among years with weather volatility from 123.8 to 552.0 g m−2.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 123.8 to 552.0 g m−2e0
- Setting
- among yearse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield was greatly varied with weather volatility among years, ranging from 123.8 to 552.0 g m−2.”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weather volatility contributed 30.4% of yield variability.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Weather volatilitye0
- Outcome
- yield variabilitye0
- Value
- 30.4%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weather volatility was the greatest contributor to yield variability (30.4%), followed by SD (17.0%) and TS (10.3%).”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
SD contributed 17.0% of yield variability.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SDe0
- Outcome
- yield variabilitye0
- Value
- 17.0%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weather volatility was the greatest contributor to yield variability (30.4%), followed by SD (17.0%) and TS (10.3%).”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
TS contributed 10.3% of yield variability.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- TSe0
- Outcome
- yield variabilitye0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weather volatility was the greatest contributor to yield variability (30.4%), followed by SD (17.0%) and TS (10.3%).”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest yield is mainly determined by growth achieved before flowering and through R2–R5.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- before flowering and through R2–R5e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that the yield might be mainly determined by how much growth has already been achieved before flowering and through R2–R5.”
t0“Soybeans”
e1“with each 15-day delay in SD.”
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