Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an effective elicitor to promote plant defenses and growth. This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Results indicated that the use of SA-Ricemate as a foliar spray at concentrations of more than 100 mg L−1 can reduce the severity of BLB disease by 71%. SA-Ricemate treatment also increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of rice leaf tissues over untreated samples by 39–61%. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rice leaves treated with SA-Ricemate also showed an increase of 50–65% when comparing to non-treated samples. The differential development of these defense compounds was faster and distinct when the SA-Ricemate-treated rice was infected with Xoo, indicating plant-induced resistance. Besides, SA-Ricemate elicitor at a concentration of 50–250 mg L−1 was correlated with a substantial increase in the accumulation of total chlorophyll content at 2.53–2.73 mg g−1 of fresh weight which suggests that plant growth is activated by SA-Ricemate. The catalase- and aldehyde dehydrogenase-binding sites were searched for using the CASTp server, and the findings were compared to the template. Chemsketch was used to design and optimize SA, which was then docked to the catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase-binding domains of the enzymes using the GOLD 3.0.1 Software. SA is shown in several docked conformations with the enzymes catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. All three catalase amino acids (GLN7, VAL27, and GLU38) were discovered to be involved in the creation of a strong hydrogen bond with SA when SA was present. In this mechanism, the aldehyde dehydrogenase amino acids LYS5, HIS6, and ASP2 were all implicated, and these amino acids created strong hydrogen bonds with SA. In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78% and the total grain yield was significantly increased which was an increase of plant height, tiller per hill, and panicle in three field trials during Aug–Nov 2017 and 2018. Therefore, SA-Ricemate can be used as an alternative elicitor on replacing harmful pesticides to control BLB disease with a high potential of increasing rice defenses, growth, and yield components.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SA-Ricemate above 100 mg L−1 reduced bacterial leaf blight severity by 71%.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- SA-Ricemate as a foliar spray at concentrations of more than 100 mg L−1e0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee1pathogen - Outcome
- severity of BLB diseasee0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of SA-Ricemate as a foliar spray at concentrations of more than 100 mg L−1 can reduce the severity of BLB disease by 71%”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate increased hydrogen peroxide in rice leaves by 39–61% over untreated samples.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rice leaf tissuese0
- Treatment
- SA-Ricemate treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39–61%e0
- Comparator
- untreated samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-Ricemate treatment also increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of rice leaf tissues over untreated samples by 39–61%”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate increased malondialdehyde in rice leaves by 50–65% over untreated samples.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rice leavese0
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 50–65%e0
- Comparator
- non-treated samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rice leaves treated with SA-Ricemate also showed an increase of 50–65% when comparing to non-treated samples”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense compound development was faster and distinct in SA-Ricemate-treated rice infected with Xoo.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricemate-treatede0
- Interactor
- Xooe0pathogen
- Outcome
- development of these defense compoundse0
- Direction
- fastere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differential development of these defense compounds was faster and distinct when the SA-Ricemate-treated rice was infected with Xoo, indicating plant-induced resistance”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate at 50–250 mg L−1 was associated with higher total chlorophyll accumulation of 2.53–2.73 mg g−1 fresh weight.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricemate elicitor at a concentration of 50–250 mg L−1e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.53–2.73 mg g−1 of fresh weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-Ricemate elicitor at a concentration of 50–250 mg L−1 was correlated with a substantial increase in the accumulation of total chlorophyll content at 2.53–2.73 mg g−1 of fresh weight”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking placed salicylic acid in several conformations with catalase.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- several docked conformationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA is shown in several docked conformations with the enzymes catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking placed salicylic acid in several conformations with aldehyde dehydrogenase.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- aldehyde dehydrogenasee0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- several docked conformationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA is shown in several docked conformations with the enzymes catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase residues GLN7, VAL27, and GLU38 formed strong hydrogen bonds with SA in docking.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- strong hydrogen bond with SAe0
- Qualifier
- GLN7, VAL27, and GLU38e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three catalase amino acids (GLN7, VAL27, and GLU38) were discovered to be involved in the creation of a strong hydrogen bond with SA when SA was present”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldehyde dehydrogenase residues LYS5, HIS6, and ASP2 formed strong hydrogen bonds with SA in docking.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- aldehyde dehydrogenasee0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- strong hydrogen bonds with SAe0
- Qualifier
- LYS5, HIS6, and ASP2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aldehyde dehydrogenase amino acids LYS5, HIS6, and ASP2 were all implicated, and these amino acids created strong hydrogen bonds with SA”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
In field conditions SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate significantly increased total grain yield in field trials.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee2
- Outcome
- total grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total grain yield was significantly increased”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
e2“In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate increased plant height in field trials.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee2
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- field trialse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was an increase of plant height, tiller per hill, and panicle in three field trials during Aug–Nov 2017 and 2018”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
e2“In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate increased tillers per hill in field trials.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee2
- Outcome
- tiller per hille0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- field trialse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was an increase of plant height, tiller per hill, and panicle in three field trials during Aug–Nov 2017 and 2018”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
e2“In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-Ricemate increased panicle in field trials.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee2
- Outcome
- paniclee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- field trialse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was an increase of plant height, tiller per hill, and panicle in three field trials during Aug–Nov 2017 and 2018”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
e2“In field conditions, SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SA-Ricemate as an alternative elicitor to control bacterial leaf blight and improve rice defenses, growth, and yield components.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SA-Ricematee0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- control BLB diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-Ricemate can be used as an alternative elicitor on replacing harmful pesticides to control BLB disease with a high potential of increasing rice defenses, growth, and yield components”
e1“This study aimed to investigate rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid (SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).”
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