Abstract
The effects of cadmium, inoculation with either Bradyrhizobium or VA- mycorrhizae and kinetin application as well as their interactions with cadmium on growth, anatomical structure of both leaves and stems as well as yield and its components in soybean plants were investigated. Cadmium treatment decreased plant height, number of branches, leaf area and dry weight of shoot/plant. In addition, photosynthetic pigments contents in the leaves and carbohydrates concentrations in the shoots. pod number/plant. seed weight (g)/plant and 100 seed weight (g) were also decreased. Calcium concentration in the shoot system as well as N, protein, P and K percent in the seeds were decreased, while, Cd concentration in the shoots was increased. Inoculation with either Bradyrhizobium or VA-mycorrhizae and kinetin application increased all investigated parameters with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soil. It is interesting to mention that these treatments alleviated the adverse effects of cadmium treatment and improved the plant growth. However, kinetin application was the most effective treatment in this respect compared with other treatments. Regarding the anatomical structure of plant, cadmium treatment decreased stem diameter and thickness of cortex, xylem, phloem and pith tissues thickness. Metaxylem vessels diameter was also decreased as well as thickness of either leaflet blade or mesophyll tissue thickness due to reducing thickness both palisade and spongy tissues thickness. The size of the midvein vascular bundle was also decreased as indicated by its dimension.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean height, branch number and leaf area.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Cadmium treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of branches, leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium treatment decreased plant height, number of branches, leaf area and dry weight of shoot/plant.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Cadmium treatmente0
- Outcome
- dry weight of shoot/plante0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium treatment decreased plant height, number of branches, leaf area and dry weight of shoot/plant.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced leaf photosynthetic pigments and shoot carbohydrates.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments contents in the leaves and carbohydrates concentrations in the shootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments contents in the leaves and carbohydrates concentrations in the shoots.”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean pod number, seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- pod number/plant. seed weight (g)/plant and 100 seed weight (g)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pod number/plant. seed weight (g)/plant and 100 seed weight (g) were also decreased.”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean shoot calcium concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- Calcium concentration in the shoot systeme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium concentration in the shoot system as well as N, protein, P and K percent in the seeds were decreased”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean seed nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium percentages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- N, protein, P and K percent in the seedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, protein, P and K percent in the seeds were decreased”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium raised cadmium concentration in soybean shoots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd concentration in the shoots was increased.”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium inoculation increased investigated soybean traits other than shoot cadmium in contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with either Bradyrhizobiume0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- all investigated parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with either Bradyrhizobium or VA-mycorrhizae and kinetin application increased all investigated parameters with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
VA mycorrhizal inoculation increased investigated soybean traits other than shoot cadmium in contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- VA-mycorrhizaee0
- Interactor
- VA-mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- all investigated parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with either Bradyrhizobium or VA-mycorrhizae and kinetin application increased all investigated parameters with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin increased investigated soybean traits other than shoot cadmium in contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- kinetin applicatione0
- Outcome
- all investigated parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kinetin application increased all investigated parameters with the exception of Cd content in shoots in Cd-polluted soil.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin was the most effective treatment for improving soybean growth under cadmium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- kinetin applicatione0
- Outcome
- most effective treatmente0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“kinetin application was the most effective treatment in this respect compared with other treatments.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean stem diameter and cortex, xylem, phloem and pith thickness.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cadmium treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem diameter and thickness of cortex, xylem, phloem and pith tissues thicknesse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cadmium treatment decreased stem diameter and thickness of cortex, xylem, phloem and pith tissues thickness.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean metaxylem vessel diameter.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- Metaxylem vessels diametere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metaxylem vessels diameter was also decreased”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean leaflet blade and mesophyll thickness, including palisade and spongy tissues.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- leaflet blade or mesophyll tissue thicknesse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thickness of either leaflet blade or mesophyll tissue thickness due to reducing thickness both palisade and spongy tissues thickness.”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced soybean midvein vascular bundle size.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CADMIUMt0
- Outcome
- size of the midvein vascular bundlee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The size of the midvein vascular bundle was also decreased as indicated by its dimension.”
t0“ALLEVIATION OF CADMIUM TOXICITY ON SOYBEAN, Glycine max (L.) Merr. BY INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE OR KINETIN”
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