Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings. The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root length, seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase in leaves, stems and roots; however, increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all tissues, catalase (CAT) activities in stems/roots. Moreover, Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control. The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone. Furthermore, external GB diminished leaf/root MDA accumulation and decreased leaf/root proline contents as well as phenols and flavonoid contents in all tissues. Meanwhile, exogenous GB counteracted Cd-induced alterations of certain antioxidant enzymes. For example, it brought all tissue POD and SOD activities and stem/root CAT activities down towards the control level and significantly increased APX activities, especially in leaves and stems. These data suggested the principal protective mechanism for the exogenous GB against Cd toxicity in cucumber seedlings is closely related to improved photosynthesis, diminished Cd-induced proline and MDA accumulation, enhanced ATPase as well as modulation of antioxidant enzymes.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased SPAD value, plant height and root length of cucumber seedlings relative to control.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- 50 μmol/L Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- hydroponice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e1“The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root length, seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase in leaves, stems and roots”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased seedling biomass and APX and ATPase activities in leaves, stems and roots of cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaves, stems and rootse1
- Treatment
- 50 μmol/L Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPasee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e1“The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root length, seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase in leaves, stems and roots”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in all tissues of cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- all tissuese2
- Treatment
- 50 μmol/L Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitiese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e1“The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root length, seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase in leaves, stems and roots”
e2“increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all tissues, catalase (CAT) activities in stems/roots”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased catalase activities in stems and roots of cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- stems/rootse2
- Treatment
- 50 μmol/L Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activities in stems/rootse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e1“The results indicated that 50 μmol/L Cd stress decreased soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, plant height, root length, seedling biomass, activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ATPase in leaves, stems and roots”
e2“increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all tissues, catalase (CAT) activities in stems/roots”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress elevated malondialdehyde and proline in cucumber tissues relative to control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse3
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), prolinee3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress elevated phenols and flavonoid content in cucumber tissues relative to control.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse3
- Outcome
- phenols and flavonoid contente3
- Direction
- elevatede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e3“Cd stress also elevated leaf/root malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, phenols and flavonoid content in all cucumber tissues over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation with GB alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress compared with Cd alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementation of GBe4
- Outcome
- Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stresse4
- Direction
- alleviatede4
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation with GB increased SPAD value and stem ATPase compared with Cd alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- steme4
- Treatment
- supplementation of GBe4
- Outcome
- SPAD value and stem ATPasee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementation with GB improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd alone.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- supplementation of GBe4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
External GB diminished leaf and root MDA accumulation under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- external GBe5
- Outcome
- leaf/root MDA accumulatione5
- Direction
- diminishede5
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
e5“external GB diminished leaf/root MDA accumulation and decreased leaf/root proline contents as well as phenols and flavonoid contents in all tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
External GB decreased leaf and root proline contents under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf/roote5
- Treatment
- external GBe5
- Outcome
- leaf/root proline contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
e5“external GB diminished leaf/root MDA accumulation and decreased leaf/root proline contents as well as phenols and flavonoid contents in all tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
External GB decreased phenols and flavonoid contents in all tissues under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- all tissuese5
- Treatment
- external GBe5
- Outcome
- phenols and flavonoid contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Comparator
- Cd treatment alonee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e4“The supplementation of GB (Cd + GB) prominently alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, increased SPAD value and stem ATPase, and improved photosynthetic performance compared with Cd treatment alone”
e5“external GB diminished leaf/root MDA accumulation and decreased leaf/root proline contents as well as phenols and flavonoid contents in all tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GB brought POD and SOD activities in all tissues down towards the control level.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- all tissuee7
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe6
- Outcome
- POD and SOD activitiese7
- Direction
- down towards the control levele7
- Comparator
- control levele7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e6“exogenous GB counteracted Cd-induced alterations of certain antioxidant enzymes”
e7“it brought all tissue POD and SOD activities and stem/root CAT activities down towards the control level and significantly increased APX activities, especially in leaves and stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GB brought stem and root CAT activities down towards the control level.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- stem/roote7
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe6
- Outcome
- stem/root CAT activitiese7
- Direction
- down towards the control levele7
- Comparator
- control levele7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e6“exogenous GB counteracted Cd-induced alterations of certain antioxidant enzymes”
e7“it brought all tissue POD and SOD activities and stem/root CAT activities down towards the control level and significantly increased APX activities, especially in leaves and stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GB significantly increased APX activities in leaves and stems of cucumber under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and stemse7
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe6
- Outcome
- APX activitiese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e6“exogenous GB counteracted Cd-induced alterations of certain antioxidant enzymes”
e7“it brought all tissue POD and SOD activities and stem/root CAT activities down towards the control level and significantly increased APX activities, especially in leaves and stems”
Claim · model-written summary
The protective effect of exogenous GB against Cd toxicity in cucumber seedlings is closely related to improved photosynthesis, diminished proline and MDA accumulation, enhanced ATPase and modulated antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- exogenous GBe7
- Outcome
- principal protective mechanism for the exogenous GB against Cd toxicitye7
- Qualifier
- closely related to improved photosynthesis, diminished Cd-induced proline and MDA accumulation, enhanced ATPase as well as modulation of antioxidant enzymese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the ameliorative effects of exogenous glycinebetaine (GB) upon cadmium (Cd) toxicity in cucumber seedlings”
e7“These data suggested the principal protective mechanism for the exogenous GB against Cd toxicity in cucumber seedlings is closely related to improved photosynthesis, diminished Cd-induced proline and MDA accumulation, enhanced ATPase as well as modulation of antioxidant enzymes”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results differ
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →glycine betaine · physiology: photosynthesis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: osmolytes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: oxidative · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heavy metal · growth · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heavy metal · physiology: oxidative · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.