Abstract
Manure amendment to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) content is an important strategy to sustain ecosystem health and crop production. Here, we utilize an 8-year field experiment to evaluate the impacts of organic and chemical fertilizers on SOC and its labile fractions as well as soil microbial and nematode communities in different soil depths of jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). Three treatments were designed in this study, including control with no amendment (CK), organic manure (OM), and chemical fertilizer (CF). Results showed that OM significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria, and fungi as well as the value of nematode channel ratio (NCR) and maturity index (MI), but decreased plant-parasites and Shannon diversity (H′). Soil microbial and nematode communities in three soil depths were significantly altered by fertilizer application. Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi dominated the bacterial communities of OM soil, while Nitrospira was more prevalent in CF treatment. Organic manure application stimulated some functional groups of the bacterial community related to the C cycle and saprotroph-symbiotroph fungi, while some groups related to the nitrogen cycle, pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph fungi were predominated in CF treatment. Furthermore, OM enhanced the soil pH, contents of total soil N, P, K, and SOC components, as well as jackfruit yield. Chemical fertilizers significantly affected available N, P, and K contents. The results of network analyses show that more significant co-occurrence relationships between SOC components and nematode feeding groups were found in CK and CF treatments. In contrast, SOC components were more related to microbial communities than to nematode in OM soils. Partial least-squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that fertilization had significant effects on jackfruit yield, which was composed of positive direct (73.6%) and indirect effects (fertilization → fungal community → yield). It was found that the long-term manure application strategy improves soil quality by increasing SOM, pH, and nutrient contents, and the increased microbivorous nematodes abundance enhanced the grazing pressure on microorganisms and concurrently promoted microbial-derived SOC turnover.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure increased soil nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria and fungi.
- Taxon
- jackfruit
Artocarpus heterophyllust0 - Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria, and fungie0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria, and fungi”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure increased nematode channel ratio and maturity index.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- nematode channel ratio (NCR) and maturity index (MI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria, and fungi as well as the value of nematode channel ratio (NCR) and maturity index (MI)”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure decreased plant parasites and Shannon diversity.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- plant-parasites and Shannon diversity (H′)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes, bacterivores, bacteria, and fungi as well as the value of nematode channel ratio (NCR) and maturity index (MI), but decreased plant-parasites and Shannon diversity (H′)”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer application significantly altered microbial and nematode communities across three soil depths.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- Soil microbial and nematode communitiese0
- Qualifier
- three soil depthse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil microbial and nematode communities in three soil depths were significantly altered by fertilizer application”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi dominated bacterial communities in organic manure soil.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi dominated the bacterial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi dominated the bacterial communities of OM soil”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrospira was more prevalent under chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- CF treatmente0
- Outcome
- Nitrospirae0
- Direction
- more prevalente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrospira was more prevalent in CF treatment”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure stimulated carbon cycling bacteria and saprotroph symbiotroph fungi.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- Organic manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- functional groups of the bacterial community related to the C cycle and saprotroph-symbiotroph fungie0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manure application stimulated some functional groups of the bacterial community related to the C cycle and saprotroph-symbiotroph fungi”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen cycling bacteria and pathotroph fungal groups predominated under chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- CF treatmente0
- Outcome
- groups related to the nitrogen cycle, pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph fungie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some groups related to the nitrogen cycle, pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph fungi were predominated in CF treatment”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure enhanced soil pH and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophylluse0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- soil pH, contents of total soil N, P, Ke0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM enhanced the soil pH, contents of total soil N, P, K, and SOC components, as well as jackfruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure enhanced soil organic carbon components.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophylluse0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- SOC componentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM enhanced the soil pH, contents of total soil N, P, K, and SOC components, as well as jackfruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure enhanced jackfruit yield.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophylluse0
- Treatment
- OMe0
- Outcome
- jackfruit yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OM enhanced the soil pH, contents of total soil N, P, K, and SOC components, as well as jackfruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical fertilizers significantly affected available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- Chemical fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- available N, P, and K contentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical fertilizers significantly affected available N, P, and K contents”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon and nematode feeding groups had more significant co-occurrences under CK and CF.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- CK and CF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- co-occurrence relationships between SOC components and nematode feeding groupse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more significant co-occurrence relationships between SOC components and nematode feeding groups were found in CK and CF treatments”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon components related more to microbial communities than nematodes under organic manure.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- OM soilse0
- Outcome
- SOC components were more related to microbial communitiese0
- Comparator
- nematodee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC components were more related to microbial communities than to nematode in OM soils”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization had a significant positive direct effect on jackfruit yield of 73.6%.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophylluse0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- jackfruit yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- 73.6%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization had significant effects on jackfruit yield, which was composed of positive direct (73.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization had an indirect effect on yield through fungal community.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- fungal communitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indirect effects (fertilization → fungal community → yield)”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude long-term manure improves soil quality through organic matter, pH and nutrients.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Treatment
- long-term manure application strategye0
- Outcome
- soil qualitye0
- Direction
- improvese0
- Qualifier
- increasing SOM, pH, and nutrient contentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term manure application strategy improves soil quality by increasing SOM, pH, and nutrient contents”
t0“jackfruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose microbivorous nematode abundance increases grazing and microbial carbon turnover.
- Taxon
- jackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllust0
- Outcome
- grazing pressure on microorganisms and concurrently promoted microbial-derived SOC turnovere0
- Qualifier
- increased microbivorous nematodes abundancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased microbivorous nematodes abundance enhanced the grazing pressure on microorganisms and concurrently promoted microbial-derived SOC turnover”
t0“jackfruit”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.