Abstract
Climate change affects precipitation dynamics and the variability of drought frequency, intensity, timing, and duration. This represents a high risk in spring-sown grain legumes such as soybean. Yet, under European conditions, no evidence supports the potential recovery and resilience of drought-tolerant soybean cultivars after episodic drought, at different growth stages. A field experiment was conducted using a representative drought-tolerant cultivar of soybean (cv. Acardia), in 2020 and 2021, on sandy soils in Germany, applying four water regimes (irrigated, rainfed, early-drought, and late-drought stress). Drought stress was simulated by covering the plots during the event of rain with 6 × 6 m rainout shelters, at the vegetative (V-stage) and flowering (Fl-stage) stages. Drought response was quantified on plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (ChlF ratio), chlorophyll content (Chlc), and leaf surface temperature (LST), at different intervals after simulating drought until pod filling. Grain yield and yield components were quantified at the end of the growing season. Compared to rainfed conditions, a drought at V-stage and Fl-stage reduced significantly plant height, ChlF ratio, and Chlc by 20%, 11%, and 7%, respectively, but increased LST by 21% during the recovery phase. There was no recovery from drought except for Chlc after V-stage in 2021, that significantly recovered by 40% at the end of the growing season, signifying a partial recovery of the photochemical apparatus. Especially, there was no recovery observed in LST, implying the inability of soybean to restore LST within the physiological functional range ( Graphical abstract ). Under rainfed conditions, the grain yield reached 2.9 t ha -1 in 2020 and 5.2 t ha -1 in 2021. However, the episodic drought reduced the yield at V-stage and Fl-stage, by 63% and 25% in 2020, and 21% and 36% in 2021, respectively. To conclude, the timing of drought was less relevant for soybean resilience; however, pre- and post-drought soil moisture, drought intensity, and drought duration were likely more important. A drought-tolerant soybean cultivar may partially be drought-resilient due to the recovery of photosynthetic traits, but not the leaf thermal traits. Overall, these findings will accelerate future efforts by plant breeders, aimed at improving soybean drought resilience.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced plant height by 20% versus rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- a drought at V-stage and Fl-stagee0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditionse0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to rainfed conditions, a drought at V-stage and Fl-stage reduced significantly plant height, ChlF ratio, and Chlc by 20%, 11%, and 7%, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll fluorescence ratio by 11%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- a drought at V-stage and Fl-stagee0
- Outcome
- ChlF ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to rainfed conditions, a drought at V-stage and Fl-stage reduced significantly plant height, ChlF ratio, and Chlc by 20%, 11%, and 7%, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chlorophyll content by 7%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- a drought at V-stage and Fl-stagee0
- Outcome
- Chlce0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to rainfed conditions, a drought at V-stage and Fl-stage reduced significantly plant height, ChlF ratio, and Chlc by 20%, 11%, and 7%, respectively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased leaf surface temperature by 21% during recovery.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- a drought at V-stage and Fl-stagee1
- Outcome
- LSTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- during the recovery phasee0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased LST by 21% during the recovery phase”
e1“Compared to rainfed conditions, a drought at V-stage and Fl-stage”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content after vegetative-stage drought recovered by 40% at season end in 2021.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Chlce0
- Direction
- recoverede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- after V-stage in 2021e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlc after V-stage in 2021, that significantly recovered by 40% at the end of the growing season”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf surface temperature did not recover from drought.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- LSTe0
- Direction
- no recoverye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no recovery observed in LST”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed grain yield was 2.9 t ha -1 in 2020.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rainfed conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 2.9 t ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 2020e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under rainfed conditions, the grain yield reached 2.9 t ha -1 in 2020”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed grain yield was 5.2 t ha -1 in 2021.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- rainfed conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 5.2 t ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 2021e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under rainfed conditions, the grain yield reached 2.9 t ha -1 in 2020 and 5.2 t ha -1 in 2021”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-stage drought reduced yield by 63% in 2020.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- episodic droughte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Qualifier
- V-stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“episodic drought reduced the yield at V-stage and Fl-stage, by 63% and 25% in 2020”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage drought reduced yield by 25% in 2020.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- episodic droughte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- Fl-stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“episodic drought reduced the yield at V-stage and Fl-stage, by 63% and 25% in 2020”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative-stage drought reduced yield by 21% in 2021.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- episodic droughte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- V-stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“episodic drought reduced the yield at V-stage and Fl-stage, by 63% and 25% in 2020, and 21% and 36% in 2021”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-stage drought reduced yield by 36% in 2021.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- episodic droughte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Qualifier
- Fl-stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“episodic drought reduced the yield at V-stage and Fl-stage, by 63% and 25% in 2020, and 21% and 36% in 2021”
t0“Soybean”
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