Abstract
Seasonality in the availability of cowpea leaves has often limited their utilization and thus the promotion of preservation techniques that convert the vegetables into storable and stable forms. The recommendations for the use of highly mechanized techniques in preservation are brought into question due to limited affordability among resource-constrained households that prefer less costly approaches. Therefore, this study used statistical techniques of principal component analysis to comparatively evaluate the trends of physicochemical quality of the two diverse approaches of processing cowpea leaves. The study evaluated dehydrated cowpea leaves of different processing techniques from farmer groups and optimally processed using modern techniques for nutritional composition, phytochemical compounds, and colour changes. Sun drying techniques that excluded blanching had the least content of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 2.65 ± 0.95 and 21.80 ± 1.24 mg/100 g dry weight basis (dwb), respectively, accompanied by the most significant ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo><</a:mo> <a:mn>0.001</a:mn> </a:math> ) deterioration of colour (7.74 ± 3.49) than techniques that included. Whereas the antinutrients declined, the difference did not significantly differ ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>p</c:mi> <c:mo>></c:mo> <c:mn>0.05</c:mn> </c:math> ) based on preservation techniques. With factor analysis determining optimal nutritional quality for cowpea leaves at 8 weeks after emergence, sun drying had the highest loss of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 66.7–80.1% and 53.7%–58.3%, respectively ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mi>p</e:mi> <e:mo><</e:mo> <e:mn>0.001</e:mn> </e:math> ), whereas mineral leaching, reduction of antinutrients, and colour changes were more pronounced in dehydration techniques incorporating fermentation as pretreatment. For the traditional preservation techniques, increasing retention of minerals resulted in aggravated losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, whereas in the mechanized techniques, this was not the case. In concluding that the mechanized techniques have a better combination of attenuating losses of micronutrients, the study recommends that in promoting the utilization of traditional preservation techniques, low-cost processes like steam blanching can help improve the nutritional quality of the product.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sun drying without blanching gave the least beta-carotene content of the processed cowpea leaves (2.65 ± 0.95 mg/100 g dwb).
- Taxon
- cowpea leaves
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- Sun drying techniques that excluded blanchinge1
- Outcome
- content of beta-carotenee1
- Direction
- least contente1
- Value
- 2.65 ± 0.95e1
- Comparator
- techniques that includede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“Sun drying techniques that excluded blanching had the least content of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 2.65 ± 0.95 and 21.80 ± 1.24 mg/100 g dry weight basis (dwb), respectively”
e3“deterioration of colour (7.74 ± 3.49) than techniques that included”
Claim · model-written summary
Sun drying without blanching gave the least ascorbic acid content of the processed cowpea leaves (21.80 ± 1.24 mg/100 g dwb).
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Sun drying techniques that excluded blanchinge1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide1
- Direction
- least contente1
- Value
- 21.80 ± 1.24e1
- Comparator
- techniques that includede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“Sun drying techniques that excluded blanching had the least content of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 2.65 ± 0.95 and 21.80 ± 1.24 mg/100 g dry weight basis (dwb), respectively”
e3“deterioration of colour (7.74 ± 3.49) than techniques that included”
Claim · model-written summary
Sun drying without blanching caused the most significant colour deterioration (7.74 ± 3.49) compared with techniques that included blanching.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Sun drying techniques that excluded blanchinge1
- Outcome
- coloure3
- Direction
- deterioratione3
- Value
- 7.74 ± 3.49e3
- Comparator
- techniques that includede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“Sun drying techniques that excluded blanching had the least content of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 2.65 ± 0.95 and 21.80 ± 1.24 mg/100 g dry weight basis (dwb), respectively”
e3“deterioration of colour (7.74 ± 3.49) than techniques that included”
Claim · model-written summary
Antinutrients declined during processing, with no significant difference between preservation techniques.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- preservation techniquese6
- Outcome
- antinutrientse4
- Direction
- declinede4
- Qualifier
- did not significantly differe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e4“Whereas the antinutrients declined, the difference did not significantly differ”
e6“based on preservation techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
Sun drying had the highest loss of beta-carotene (66.7–80.1%) among the processed cowpea leaves.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- sun dryinge7
- Outcome
- beta-carotenee7
- Direction
- highest losse7
- Value
- 66.7–80.1%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e7“sun drying had the highest loss of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 66.7–80.1% and 53.7%–58.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Sun drying had the highest loss of ascorbic acid (53.7%–58.3%) among the processed cowpea leaves.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- sun dryinge7
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide7
- Direction
- highest losse7
- Value
- 53.7%–58.3%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e7“sun drying had the highest loss of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid, 66.7–80.1% and 53.7%–58.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral leaching, antinutrient reduction and colour changes were more pronounced in dehydration with fermentation pretreatment.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- dehydration techniques incorporating fermentation as pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- mineral leaching, reduction of antinutrients, and colour changese1
- Direction
- more pronouncede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“whereas mineral leaching, reduction of antinutrients, and colour changes were more pronounced in dehydration techniques incorporating fermentation as pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
For traditional preservation techniques, increasing mineral retention was associated with aggravated losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- traditional preservation techniquese1
- Outcome
- losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acide1
- Direction
- aggravatede1
- Qualifier
- increasing retention of mineralse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“For the traditional preservation techniques, increasing retention of minerals resulted in aggravated losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
For mechanized techniques, mineral retention was not associated with aggravated losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- mechanized techniquese2
- Outcome
- losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acide1
- Qualifier
- this was not the casee2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“For the traditional preservation techniques, increasing retention of minerals resulted in aggravated losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid”
e2“whereas in the mechanized techniques, this was not the case”
Claim · model-written summary
Factor analysis identified 8 weeks after emergence as the optimal nutritional quality stage for cowpea leaves.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae1
- Outcome
- optimal nutritional qualitye1
- Qualifier
- at 8 weeks after emergencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“With factor analysis determining optimal nutritional quality for cowpea leaves at 8 weeks after emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanized techniques combined better attenuation of micronutrient losses than traditional techniques.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- mechanized techniquese1
- Outcome
- losses of micronutrientse1
- Direction
- attenuatinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“the mechanized techniques have a better combination of attenuating losses of micronutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
Steam blanching is a low-cost option that can help improve the nutritional quality of traditionally preserved cowpea leaves.
- Taxon
- cowpea leavesVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- steam blanchinge1
- Outcome
- nutritional qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“availability of cowpea leaves”
e1“low-cost processes like steam blanching can help improve the nutritional quality of the product”
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