Abstract
Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT). However, the responses of yield, grain quality, and risk of lodging in rice to PSMT have not yet been comprehensively defined. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 67 peer-reviewed studies with 382 field observations to investigate the impacts of PSMT on rice yield, grain quality, and lodging resistance in mainland China. The results indicated that compared to BSMT, PSMT increased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and nitrogen uptake by an average of 8.4%, 6.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. PSMT boosted grain yield with hybrid rice (+10.2%) more strongly than with inbred rice (+6.9%). PSMT improved the brown rice rate (+0.74%), milled rice rate (+1.1%), head rice rate (+2.3%), and gel consistency (+4.4%) while reducing the amylose content by 3.7% with no significant effects on the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, length/width ratio, or protein content. The increase in the milled rice rate under PSMT was greater with hybrid rice than with inbred rice. PSMT reduced the lodging index at the first (−5.1%), second (−9.4%), and third (−8.0%) internodes. In conclusion, PSMT is a promising practice for simultaneously improving rice yield, milling quality, cooking and eating quality, and lodging resistance in paddies. In addition, the grain yield and milling quality of hybrid rice under PSMT are higher than those of inbred rice.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT increased rice grain yield by 8.4% relative to BSMT.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.4%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to BSMT, PSMT increased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and nitrogen uptake by an average of 8.4%, 6.2%, and 7.2%, respectively”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT increased rice aboveground biomass by 6.2% relative to BSMT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to BSMT, PSMT increased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and nitrogen uptake by an average of 8.4%, 6.2%, and 7.2%, respectively”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT increased rice nitrogen uptake by 7.2% relative to BSMT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.2%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to BSMT, PSMT increased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and nitrogen uptake by an average of 8.4%, 6.2%, and 7.2%, respectively”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT increased hybrid-rice yield by 10.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- hybrid ricee0
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Value
- +10.2%e0
- Comparator
- inbred ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT boosted grain yield with hybrid rice (+10.2%) more strongly than with inbred rice (+6.9%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT increased inbred-rice yield by 6.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- inbred ricee0
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Value
- +6.9%e0
- Comparator
- hybrid ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT boosted grain yield with hybrid rice (+10.2%) more strongly than with inbred rice (+6.9%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT improved brown rice rate by 0.74%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- brown rice ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- +0.74%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT improved the brown rice rate (+0.74%), milled rice rate (+1.1%), head rice rate (+2.3%), and gel consistency (+4.4%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT improved milled rice rate by 1.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- milled rice ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- +1.1%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT improved the brown rice rate (+0.74%), milled rice rate (+1.1%), head rice rate (+2.3%), and gel consistency (+4.4%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT improved head rice rate by 2.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- head rice ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- +2.3%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT improved the brown rice rate (+0.74%), milled rice rate (+1.1%), head rice rate (+2.3%), and gel consistency (+4.4%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT improved gel consistency by 4.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- gel consistencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- +4.4%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT improved the brown rice rate (+0.74%), milled rice rate (+1.1%), head rice rate (+2.3%), and gel consistency (+4.4%)”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT reduced rice amylose content by 3.7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- amylose contente0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 3.7%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing the amylose content by 3.7%”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT had no significant effect on chalky grain rate, chalkiness or length/width ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- chalky grain rate, chalkiness, length/width ratioe0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant effects on the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, length/width ratio, or protein content”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT had no significant effect on rice protein content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant effects on the chalky grain rate, chalkiness, length/width ratio, or protein content”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT reduced lodging index at the first internode by 5.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- firste0
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −5.1%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT reduced the lodging index at the first (−5.1%), second (−9.4%), and third (−8.0%) internodes”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT reduced lodging index at the second internode by 9.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- seconde0
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −9.4%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT reduced the lodging index at the first (−5.1%), second (−9.4%), and third (−8.0%) internodes”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
Claim · model-written summary
PSMT reduced lodging index at the third internode by 8.0%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- thirde0
- Treatment
- PSMTe1
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −8.0%e0
- Comparator
- BSMTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PSMT reduced the lodging index at the first (−5.1%), second (−9.4%), and third (−8.0%) internodes”
e1“Potted-seedling machine transplantation (PSMT) is an innovative method of mechanical rice transplanting to improve seedling quality and reduce mechanical injury relative to blanket-seedling machine transplantation (BSMT).”
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