Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) are widely used as fertilizers in agricultural production because they promote photosynthesis and strong adhesion. Low pollination and fertilization due to rainy weather during the litchi plant’s flowering phase result in poor fruit quality and output. nTiO2 would affect litchi during the flowering and fruiting stages. This study considers how nTiO2 affects litchi’s fruit quality and pollen viability during the flowering stage. The effects of nTiO2 treatment on pollen vigor, yield, and fruit quality were investigated. nTiO2 effectively improved the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length of litchi male flowers. The germination rate reached 22.31 ± 1.70%, and the pollen tube reached 237.66 μm in the 450 mg/L reagent-treated group. Spraying with 150 mg/L of nTiO2 increased the germination rate of pollen by 2.67% and 3.67% for two types of male flowers (M1 and M2) of anthesis, respectively. After nTiO2 spraying, the fruit set rates of ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Nomici’ were 46.68% and 30.33%, respectively, higher than those of the boric acid treatment group and the control group. The edibility rate, titration calculation, and vitamin C of nTiO2 treatment were significantly higher than those of the control. The nTiO2-treated litchi fruit was more vividly colored. Meanwhile, the adhesion of nTiO2 to leaves was effectively optimized by using ATP and BCS to form nTiO2 carriers and configuring nTiO2 complex reagents. These results set the foundation for future applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles as fertilizers for agriculture and guide their application to flowers and fruits.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
nTiO2 improved pollen germination rate.
LitchiNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nTiO2 effectively improved the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length of litchi male flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
nTiO2 improved pollen tube length.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nTiO2 effectively improved the pollen germination rate and pollen tube length of litchi male flowers.”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 450 mg/L group, pollen germination reached 22.31 ± 1.70%.
- Treatment
- 450 mg/L reagent-treated groupe0
- Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- reachede0
- Value
- 22.31 ± 1.70%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination rate reached 22.31 ± 1.70%, and the pollen tube reached 237.66 μm in the 450 mg/L reagent-treated group.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 450 mg/L group, pollen tubes reached 237.66 μm.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination rate reached 22.31 ± 1.70%, and the pollen tube reached 237.66 μm in the 450 mg/L reagent-treated group.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 150 mg/L nTiO2 increased M1 pollen germination by 2.67%.
- Organ / stage
- M1e0
- Treatment
- Spraying with 150 mg/L of nTiO2e0
- Outcome
- germination rate of pollene0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with 150 mg/L of nTiO2 increased the germination rate of pollen by 2.67% and 3.67% for two types of male flowers (M1 and M2) of anthesis, respectively.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 150 mg/L nTiO2 increased M2 pollen germination by 3.67%.
- Organ / stage
- M2e0
- Treatment
- Spraying with 150 mg/L of nTiO2e0
- Outcome
- germination rate of pollene0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with 150 mg/L of nTiO2 increased the germination rate of pollen by 2.67% and 3.67% for two types of male flowers (M1 and M2) of anthesis, respectively.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
After nTiO2 spraying, Guiwei fruit set reached 46.68%.
- Material
- Guiweie0
- Treatment
- nTiO2 sprayinge0
- Outcome
- fruit set ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 46.68%e0
- Comparator
- boric acid treatment groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After nTiO2 spraying, the fruit set rates of ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Nomici’ were 46.68% and 30.33%, respectively, higher than those of the boric acid treatment group and the control group.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
After nTiO2 spraying, Nomici fruit set reached 30.33%.
- Material
- Nomicie0
- Treatment
- nTiO2 sprayinge0
- Outcome
- fruit set ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 30.33%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After nTiO2 spraying, the fruit set rates of ‘Guiwei’ and ‘Nomici’ were 46.68% and 30.33%, respectively, higher than those of the boric acid treatment group and the control group.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
nTiO2 significantly raised edibility rate, titration calculation and vitamin C relative to control.
- Treatment
- nTiO2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- edibility rate, titration calculation, and vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The edibility rate, titration calculation, and vitamin C of nTiO2 treatment were significantly higher than those of the control.”
t0“Litchi”
Claim · model-written summary
nTiO2-treated fruit had more vivid color.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nTiO2-treated litchi fruit was more vividly colored.”
Claim · model-written summary
ATP and BCS carrier formulation improved nTiO2 adhesion to leaves.
- Treatment
- using ATP and BCS to form nTiO2 carrierse0
- Outcome
- adhesion of nTiO2 to leavese0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adhesion of nTiO2 to leaves was effectively optimized by using ATP and BCS to form nTiO2 carriers and configuring nTiO2 complex reagents.”
t0“Litchi”
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