Abstract
Background: Insufficient low temperatures in winter and soil residues caused by paclobutrazol (PBZ) application pose a considerable challenge for mango floral induction (FI). Gibberellin inhibitors SPD (compound of mepiquat chloride, prohexadione-calcium and uniconazole) had a significant influence on enhancing the flowering rate and yield of mango for two consecutive years (2020-2021). Researchers have indicated that FI is regulated at the metabolic level; however, little is known about the metabolic changes during FI in response to SPD treatment. Methods: Here, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)-based widely targeted metabolomic analysis was carried out to assess the metabolic differences in the mango stem apex during different stage of mango FI (30, 80, 100 days after SPD/water treatment). Results: A total of 582 compounds were annotated and 372 metabolites showed two-fold differences in abundance (variable importance in projection, VIP ≥ 1 and fold change, FC≥ 2 or≤ 0.5) between buds at 30, 80, 100 days after SPD/water treatment or between buds under different treatment. Lipids, phenolic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and vitamins were among metabolites showing significant differences over time after SPD treatment. Here, 18 out of 20 lipids, including the lysophosphatidylethanolamine (12, LPE), lysophosphatidylcholine (7, LPC), and free fatty acids (1, FA), were significantly upregulated from 80 to 100 days after SPD treatment comared to water treatment. Meanwhile, the dormancy release of mango buds from 80 to 100 days after SPD treatment was accompanied by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, and tannins. In addition, metabolites, such as L-homocysteine, L-histidine, and L-homomethionine, showed more than a ten-fold difference in relative abundance from 30 to 100 days after SPD treatment, however, there were no significant changes after water treatment. The present study reveals novel metabolites involved in mango FI in response to SPD, which would provide a theoretical basis for utilizing SPD to induce mango flowering.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
SPD enhanced mango flowering rate and yield over two years.
- Taxon
- mango
_from_India.jpg?width=60)
Mangifera indicae0 - Treatment
- SPDe0
- Outcome
- flowering rate and yielde0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- two consecutive years (2020-2021)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellin inhibitors SPD (compound of mepiquat chloride, prohexadione-calcium and uniconazole) had a significant influence on enhancing the flowering rate and yield of mango for two consecutive years (2020-2021).”
Claim · model-written summary
Profiling annotated 582 compounds in mango stem apex.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Organ / stage
- stem apexe0
- Outcome
- compounds were annotatede1
- Value
- 582 compoundse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mango stem apex”
e1“A total of 582 compounds were annotated”
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 372 metabolites differed twofold between sampled times or treatments.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Treatment
- SPD/water treatmente0
- Outcome
- metabolites showed two-fold differences in abundancee0
- Value
- 372 metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“372 metabolites showed two-fold differences in abundance (variable importance in projection, VIP ≥ 1 and fold change, FC≥ 2 or≤ 0.5) between buds at 30, 80, 100 days after SPD/water treatment or between buds under different treatment”
t0“mango stem apex”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid, phenolic acid, amino acid, carbohydrate and vitamin metabolites differed over time after SPD.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- SPD treatmente0
- Outcome
- metabolites showing significant differences over timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipids, phenolic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and vitamins were among metabolites showing significant differences over time after SPD treatment.”
t0“mango stem apex”
Claim · model-written summary
Eighteen of twenty lipids were significantly upregulated at 80–100 days with SPD versus water.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- SPD treatmente0
- Outcome
- lipidse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 18 out of 20 lipidse0
- Qualifier
- from 80 to 100 dayse0
- Comparator
- water treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“18 out of 20 lipids, including the lysophosphatidylethanolamine (12, LPE), lysophosphatidylcholine (7, LPC), and free fatty acids (1, FA), were significantly upregulated from 80 to 100 days after SPD treatment comared to water treatment.”
t0“mango stem apex”
Claim · model-written summary
Mango bud dormancy release at 80–100 days after SPD accompanied proline, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate and tannin accumulation.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Treatment
- SPD treatmente0
- Outcome
- dormancy releasee0
- Qualifier
- accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, and tanninse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the dormancy release of mango buds from 80 to 100 days after SPD treatment was accompanied by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, and tannins.”
Claim · model-written summary
L-homocysteine, L-histidine and L-homomethionine differed more than tenfold from day 30 to 100 after SPD, unlike water.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- SPD treatmente0
- Outcome
- relative abundancee0
- Value
- more than a ten-folde0
- Qualifier
- from 30 to 100 dayse0
- Comparator
- water treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L-homocysteine, L-histidine, and L-homomethionine, showed more than a ten-fold difference in relative abundance from 30 to 100 days after SPD treatment, however, there were no significant changes after water treatment.”
t0“mango stem apex”
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