Abstract
The environment is affected by most anthropogenic activities; among them, agriculture is one activity with more negative effects, especially when management is inadequate, causing soil degradation or contamination. This paper presents the results of an agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop. The objective of which was to monitor soil and crop properties under two doses of irrigation and organic fertilization. The results showed that the use of excessive doses of irrigation and fertilization increased the electrical conductivity (ECext) from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m−1 and the concentration of ions in the soil solution which, for the most soluble ions (NO3−, Cl−, Na+), leached towards the deep horizons, reaching 2194.8 mg L−1 in the case of NO3−. However, their use did not increase spinach production and is thus a waste of resources that increases the risk of soil salinization. Nutrient inputs to the soil were much higher than extractions (between 12% for N and 99% for Fe), partly because of agronomic management and especially because of the return of crop residues, which increased the organic carbon stock by about 2500 kg ha−1 (4–6%), enhancing its function as a CO2 sink. These surpluses form part of complex organic structures or are immobilized as carbonates or alkaline phosphates. Preservation of the agrosystem studied requires limiting the use of low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilization.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive irrigation and fertilization increased soil electrical conductivity from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m−1.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- excessive doses of irrigation and fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity (ECext)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m−1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e1“the use of excessive doses of irrigation and fertilization increased the electrical conductivity (ECext) from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble ions leached towards the deep soil horizons, with NO3− reaching 2194.8 mg L−1.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- concentration of ions in the soil solutione2
- Value
- 2194.8 mg L−1e2
- Qualifier
- leached towards the deep horizonse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e2“the concentration of ions in the soil solution which, for the most soluble ions (NO3−, Cl−, Na+), leached towards the deep horizons, reaching 2194.8 mg L−1 in the case of NO3−”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive irrigation and fertilization did not increase spinach production.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- excessive doses of irrigation and fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- spinach productione3
- Direction
- did not increasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e3“However, their use did not increase spinach production”
e4“use of excessive doses of irrigation and fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient inputs to the soil were much higher than extractions, by 12% for N to 99% for Fe, partly owing to management and crop residue return.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- Nutrient inputs to the soile5
- Direction
- much highere5
- Value
- between 12% for N and 99% for Fee5
- Qualifier
- partly because of agronomic management and especially because of the return of crop residuese5
- Comparator
- extractionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e5“Nutrient inputs to the soil were much higher than extractions (between 12% for N and 99% for Fe), partly because of agronomic management and especially because of the return of crop residues”
Claim · model-written summary
Return of crop residues increased the organic carbon stock by about 2500 kg ha−1 (4–6%).
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- return of crop residuese6
- Outcome
- organic carbon stocke6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 2500 kg ha−1 (4–6%)e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e6“the return of crop residues, which increased the organic carbon stock by about 2500 kg ha−1 (4–6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient surpluses are part of complex organic structures or immobilized as carbonates or alkaline phosphates.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Compound
- carbonates or alkaline phosphatese7
- Outcome
- surplusese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e7“These surpluses form part of complex organic structures or are immobilized as carbonates or alkaline phosphates”
Claim · model-written summary
Preserving the studied agrosystem requires limiting low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilization.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- limiting the use of low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- Preservation of the agrosysteme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agronomic field trial on a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) crop”
e1“Preservation of the agrosystem studied requires limiting the use of low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilization”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 68 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
75 papers more in this group
See all 79 papers →fertilization · soil: chemistry · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →irrigation · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →irrigation · soil: chemistry · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
organic · soil: chemistry · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.