Abstract
Plant disease resistance is a complex process that is maintained in an intricate balance with development. Increasing evidence indicates the importance of posttranscriptional regulation of plant defense by RNA binding proteins. In a genetic screen for suppressors of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accelerated cell death 6-1 (acd6-1), a small constitutive defense mutant whose defense level is grossly in a reverse proportion to plant size, we identified an allele of the canonical flowering regulatory gene FLOWERING LOCUS K HOMOLOGY DOMAIN (FLK) encoding a putative protein with triple K homology (KH) repeats. The KH repeat is an ancient RNA binding motif found in proteins from diverse organisms. The relevance of KH-domain proteins in pathogen resistance is largely unexplored. In addition to late flowering, the flk mutants exhibited decreased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. We further found that the flk mutations compromised basal defense and defense signaling mediated by salicylic acid (SA). Mutant analysis revealed complex genetic interactions between FLK and several major SA pathway genes. RNA-seq data showed that FLK regulates expression abundance of some major defense- and development-related genes as well as alternative splicing of a number of genes. Among the genes affected by FLK is ACD6, whose transcripts had increased intron retentions influenced by the flk mutations. Thus, this study provides mechanistic support for flk suppression of acd6-1 and establishes that FLK is a multifunctional gene involved in regulating pathogen defense and development of plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The flk mutants showed late flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Outcome
- late floweringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“In addition to late flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The flk mutants showed decreased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- flk mutantse2
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee2pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“the flk mutants exhibited decreased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
The flk mutants showed increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- flk mutantse2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae2pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“the flk mutants exhibited decreased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
The flk mutations compromised basal defense and defense signaling mediated by salicylic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- flk mutationse3
- Compound
- salicylic acide3
- Outcome
- basal defense and defense signalinge3
- Direction
- compromisede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“the flk mutations compromised basal defense and defense signaling mediated by salicylic acid (SA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutant analysis revealed complex genetic interactions between FLK and several major salicylic acid pathway genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLKe4
- Outcome
- complex genetic interactionse4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e4“Mutant analysis revealed complex genetic interactions between FLK and several major SA pathway genes”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-seq showed that FLK regulates expression abundance of some major defense- and development-related genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLKe5
- Outcome
- expression abundance of some major defense- and development-related genese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“RNA-seq data showed that FLK regulates expression abundance of some major defense- and development-related genes as well as alternative splicing of a number of genes”
Claim · model-written summary
RNA-seq showed that FLK regulates alternative splicing of a number of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLKe5
- Outcome
- alternative splicing of a number of genese5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e5“RNA-seq data showed that FLK regulates expression abundance of some major defense- and development-related genes as well as alternative splicing of a number of genes”
Claim · model-written summary
The intron retentions of ACD6 transcripts increased under the flk mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- flk mutationse6
- Gene
- ACD6e6
- Outcome
- intron retentionse6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e6“Among the genes affected by FLK is ACD6, whose transcripts had increased intron retentions influenced by the flk mutations”
Claim · model-written summary
A FLK allele was identified in a genetic screen for suppressors of acd6-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLKe0
- Outcome
- identified an allelee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e7“In a genetic screen for suppressors of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accelerated cell death 6-1 (acd6-1)”
e0“we identified an allele of the canonical flowering regulatory gene FLOWERING LOCUS K HOMOLOGY DOMAIN (FLK)”
Claim · model-written summary
FLK is a multifunctional gene involved in regulating pathogen defense and development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- FLKe0
- Outcome
- a multifunctional gene involved in regulating pathogen defense and developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“establishes that FLK is a multifunctional gene involved in regulating pathogen defense and development of plants”
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