Abstract
Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca), as a growth retardant, can effectively alleviate the damage of salt stress to plants. In order to explore the effects of NaCl stress on the physiological characteristics and panicle traits of rice plants as well as the alleviating effect of Pro-Ca at the booting stage, we performed pot experiments on two rice cultivars: conventional rice ‘ Huanghuazhan ’ and hybrid rice ‘ Xiangliangyou900 ’. Rice plants were treated with 0.3% NaCl 48 hours after Pro-Ca (100 mg L −1 ) treatment to study the effects of Pro-Ca on the physiological characteristics of the leaves and panicles, as well as the panicle and yield traits of rice under salt stress. Our analysis indicated that NaCl treatment inhibited the morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency, destroyed the antioxidant defense systems of leaves and panicles, increased soluble protein and proline in both rice cultivars. Foliar application of Pro-Ca significantly increased the leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of primary branches, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and yield under salt stress. Pro-Ca application significantly affected chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and apparent mesophyll conductance (AMC) in NaCl-treated rice cultivars compared with NaCl treatment alone. Moreover, Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and further increased the accumulation of soluble protein and proline in leaves and panicles. These results illustrated that foliar application of Pro-Ca at the booting stage could alleviate the damage caused by NaCl stress by regulating the physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants, thereby enhancing the stress resistance of the plants, increasing total rice yield in salt stress conditions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl inhibited rice morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment inhibited the morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency”
e1“both rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl disrupted antioxidant defense systems in rice leaves and panicles.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense systems of leaves and paniclese0
- Direction
- destroyede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment inhibited the morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency, destroyed the antioxidant defense systems of leaves and panicles”
e1“both rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased soluble protein and proline in both rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente1
- Outcome
- soluble protein and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased soluble protein and proline in both rice cultivars”
e1“NaCl treatment inhibited the morphological growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased rice leaf area, uppermost internode length, and panicle length.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of Pro-Ca significantly increased the leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle length”
e1“yield under salt stress”
e2“NaCl-treated rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased rice panicle weight, primary branches, and grains per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- panicle weight, number of primary branches, number of grains per paniclee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of Pro-Ca significantly increased the leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of primary branches, number of grains per panicle”
e1“yield under salt stress”
e2“NaCl-treated rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased rice seed setting rate and yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- seed setting rate and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of Pro-Ca significantly increased the leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of primary branches, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and yield under salt stress”
e1“NaCl-treated rice cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca significantly affected chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in NaCl-treated rice relative to NaCl alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pro-Ca applicatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn)e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treatment alonee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca application significantly affected chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and apparent mesophyll conductance (AMC) in NaCl-treated rice cultivars compared with NaCl treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca significantly affected stomatal and apparent mesophyll conductance and transpiration rate in NaCl-treated rice relative to NaCl alone.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pro-Ca applicatione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and apparent mesophyll conductance (AMC)e0
- Comparator
- NaCl treatment alonee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca application significantly affected chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and apparent mesophyll conductance (AMC) in NaCl-treated rice cultivars compared with NaCl treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca increased ascorbic acid content in rice leaves and panicles.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves and paniclese0
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid (AsA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and further increased the accumulation of soluble protein and proline in leaves and panicles”
e1“physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca enhanced superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity”
e1“physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca enhanced ascorbate peroxidase activity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity”
e1“physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pro-Ca increased soluble protein and proline accumulation in rice leaves and panicles.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leaves and paniclese0
- Treatment
- Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- accumulation of soluble protein and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and further increased the accumulation of soluble protein and proline in leaves and panicles”
e1“physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that foliar Pro-Ca at booting alleviates NaCl damage through regulation of rice physiological and metabolic processes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- booting stagee0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Pro-Cae0
- Outcome
- damage caused by NaCl stresse0
- Qualifier
- regulating the physiological and metabolic processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of Pro-Ca at the booting stage could alleviate the damage caused by NaCl stress by regulating the physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants”
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