Abstract
Introduction Fresh pumpkin leaf is popular vegetable for its rich nutrition. The pleasant taro-like odour is important aroma quality of crops, and mostly contributed by 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in pumpkin. Element Zn can impact metabolite biosynthesis in plants, including aroma formation. However, Zn-induced biochemical responses, especially 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation in pumpkin, haven’t been elucidated. Methods This study integrated metabolome and transcriptome to explore molecular fluctuations in pumpkin leaves at different time intervals after foliar Zn treatment. Result and Discussion We first identified more than one thousand metabolites from pumpkin leaves by integrating different mass spectrometry methods according to the form in which a metabolite exists. Comparative metabolomic analysis revealed there were separately 25 out of 50 and 286 out of 963 metabolites that were respectively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, differentially regulated by Zn treatment. Our findings revealed that 50mg/L of Zn significantly enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production by more than 38%, which was contributed by increased biosynthesis of its precursors, including ornithine and proline. The following transcriptome analysis discovered 30,574 genes, including 953 novel genes. Zn treatment induced the differential expression of 41.6% of identified genes which were supposed to regulate the downstream metabolite changes in a time-dependent manner. Pathway analysis indicated that alternations in primary metabolism, including carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids, were vital to the fluctuated aromatic compound generation. Phytohormones and transcription factors may regulate the expression of gene P5CS and proline biosynthesis, which, therefore, affect 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production. This research reveals molecular mechanisms of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline formation in pumpkin, which will provide the molecular basis for desired aroma compound production through metabolite engineering.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
More than one thousand metabolites were identified in pumpkin leaves.
Verbatim
e0“We first identified more than one thousand metabolites from pumpkin leaves by integrating different mass spectrometry methods according to the form in which a metabolite exists.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn differentially regulated 25 of 50 metabolites identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
- Taxon
- pumpkint0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente0
- Outcome
- metabolites that were respectively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometrye0
- Value
- 25 out of 50e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Comparative metabolomic analysis revealed there were separately 25 out of 50 and 286 out of 963 metabolites that were respectively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, differentially regulated by Zn treatment.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn differentially regulated 286 of 963 metabolites identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
- Taxon
- pumpkint0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente0
- Outcome
- metabolites that were respectively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometrye0
- Value
- 286 out of 963e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Comparative metabolomic analysis revealed there were separately 25 out of 50 and 286 out of 963 metabolites that were respectively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, differentially regulated by Zn treatment.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 50mg/L Zn increased leaf 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production by over 38%.
- Taxon
- pumpkint0
- Organ / stage
- leavest0
- Treatment
- 50mg/L of Zne0
- Outcome
- 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- more than 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“50mg/L of Zn significantly enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production by more than 38%”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased ornithine and proline biosynthesis contributed to greater 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production.
Verbatim
e0“50mg/L of Zn significantly enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production by more than 38%, which was contributed by increased biosynthesis of its precursors, including ornithine and proline.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 30,574 genes.
Verbatim
e0“The following transcriptome analysis discovered 30,574 genes, including 953 novel genes.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis found 953 novel genes.
Verbatim
e0“The following transcriptome analysis discovered 30,574 genes, including 953 novel genes.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatment induced differential expression of 41.6% of identified genes over time.
- Taxon
- pumpkint0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente0
- Outcome
- differential expression of 41.6% of identified genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 41.6%e0
- Qualifier
- time-dependent mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Zn treatment induced the differential expression of 41.6% of identified genes which were supposed to regulate the downstream metabolite changes in a time-dependent manner.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in primary metabolism were implicated in fluctuating aromatic compound generation.
Verbatim
e0“Pathway analysis indicated that alternations in primary metabolism, including carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids, were vital to the fluctuated aromatic compound generation.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytohormones and transcription factors may regulate P5CS expression and proline biosynthesis, affecting 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production.
Verbatim
e0“Phytohormones and transcription factors may regulate the expression of gene P5CS and proline biosynthesis, which, therefore, affect 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline production.”
t0“pumpkin leaves”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · yield · Cucurbita (pumpkins)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.