Abstract
Delays in sowing have significant effects on grain yield, yield components, and grain protein concentrations of winter wheat. However, little is known about how delayed sowing affects these characteristics at different positions in wheat spikes. In this study, the effects of sowing date were investigated in a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions. Delayed sowing increased the partitioning of 13C-assimilates to spikes, particularly to florets at the apical section of a spike and those occupying distal positions on the same spikelet. Consequently, the increase in grain number was greatest for apical sections, followed by the basal and central sections. No significant differences were observed in superior grain number in the basal and central sections between sowing dates, while the number in apical sections was significantly different. The number of inferior grains in each section also substantially increased in response to delayed sowing. Average grain weight in all sections remained unchanged under delayed sowing because there was a parallel increase in grain number and 13C-assimilate partitioning to grains at specific positions in the spikes. Increases in grain number m-2 resulted in reduced grain protein concentration as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted into more grains. Delayed sowing caused the greatest decrease in grain protein concentration in basal sections, followed by the central and apical sections. No significant differences in the reduction in grain protein concentration were observed between inferior and superior grains under delayed sowing. In conclusion, a 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike, which originated principally from increased grain number in the apical sections of spikes and in distal positions on the same spikelet. However, grain protein concentrations decreased in each section because of increased grain number and reduced N uptake.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing increased partitioning of 13C-assimilates to spikes, particularly to apical and distal florets.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- spikese1
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- partitioning of 13C-assimilates to spikese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
- Setting
- under field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e1“Delayed sowing increased the partitioning of 13C-assimilates to spikes, particularly to florets at the apical section of a spike and those occupying distal positions on the same spikelet”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing increased grain number most in apical sections, followed by basal and central sections.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- apical sectionse2
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- grain numbere2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
- Setting
- under field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e2“Consequently, the increase in grain number was greatest for apical sections, followed by the basal and central sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number of superior grains in basal and central sections did not differ significantly between sowing dates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- basal and central sectionse3
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- superior grain number in the basal and central sectionse3
- Direction
- No significant differencese3
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e3“No significant differences were observed in superior grain number in the basal and central sections between sowing dates, while the number in apical sections was significantly different”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number in apical sections differed significantly between sowing dates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- apical sectionse3
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- number in apical sectionse3
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e3“No significant differences were observed in superior grain number in the basal and central sections between sowing dates, while the number in apical sections was significantly different”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing substantially increased the number of inferior grains in each section.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- each sectione1
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- number of inferior grainse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e1“The number of inferior grains in each section also substantially increased in response to delayed sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Average grain weight in all sections was unchanged under delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- all sectionse1
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- Average grain weighte1
- Direction
- unchangede1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e1“Average grain weight in all sections remained unchanged under delayed sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased grain number per m2 was associated with reduced grain protein concentration, as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- nitrogene1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e1“Increases in grain number m-2 resulted in reduced grain protein concentration as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted into more grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing caused the greatest decrease in grain protein concentration in basal sections, followed by central and apical sections.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Organ / stage
- basal sectionse1
- Treatment
- Delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Comparator
- central and apical sectionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e1“Delayed sowing caused the greatest decrease in grain protein concentration in basal sections, followed by the central and apical sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Under delayed sowing, the reduction in grain protein concentration did not differ significantly between inferior and superior grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- inferior and superior grainse1
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- reduction in grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- No significant differencese1
- Comparator
- superior grainse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e1“No significant differences in the reduction in grain protein concentration were observed between inferior and superior grains under delayed sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
A 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Shannong 30e0
- Treatment
- 2-week delay in sowinge1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- through increased grain number per spikee1
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
- Setting
- under field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e0“a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions”
e1“a 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein concentrations decreased in each section because of increased grain number and reduced N uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- each sectione1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- because of increased grain number and reduced N uptakee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat grains”
e1“grain protein concentrations decreased in each section because of increased grain number and reduced N uptake”
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