Abstract
Although numerous studies have reported the effects of late sowing on wheat yield, its impact on the microstructure and processing quality of wheat dough remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how late sowing influences wheat quality, with a focus on both the general characteristics and fine structure of dough. A two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted during the 2020–2022 growing seasons. Sowing date was assigned as the main plot factor, including four treatments: T1 (October 8), T2 (October 20), T3 (November 1), and T4 (November 13). The sub-plot factor was wheat variety, comprising two high-gluten varieties and two medium-gluten varieties. Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield. At T3, protein content increased by 1.71% to 27.22%, and protein yield increased by 3.32% to 15.42%. Furthermore, late sowing improved the microstructure of the dough and enhanced the processing quality of the flour. The Mantel test and structural equation modeling revealed that moderate delay in sowing improved thermal conditions from wintering to flowering stages, which promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation within the plants and increased the contents of protein and glutenin subunits in the grain. These changes ultimately optimized the dough microstructure and improved the processing quality of wheat. With the delay of sowing date, the yield in 2020-2021 increased first and then decreased, and the yield in 2021-2022 continued to decrease from T2 to T4. Our study provides a theoretical reference for how sowing date affects wheat yield and quality. • Moderate late delayed sowing increased temperatures during the wintering to flowering period. • Moderate late sowing improved the gluten secondary structure and dough microstructure. • Moderate late sowing enhanced wheat processing quality.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriately late sowing altered source-sink ratio.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- appropriately late sowinge0
- Outcome
- source-sink ratioe0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriately late sowing enhanced nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- appropriately late sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriately late sowing enhanced accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- appropriately late sowinge0
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriately late sowing increased grain protein content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- appropriately late sowinge0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriately late sowing increased protein yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- appropriately late sowinge0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results indicated that appropriately late sowing altered the source-sink ratio, enhanced nitrogen uptake and accumulation in wheat plants, and significantly increased grain protein content and protein yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
At T3, protein content increased by 1.71% to 27.22%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.71% to 27.22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At T3, protein content increased by 1.71% to 27.22%, and protein yield increased by 3.32% to 15.42%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At T3, protein yield increased by 3.32% to 15.42%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.32% to 15.42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At T3, protein content increased by 1.71% to 27.22%, and protein yield increased by 3.32% to 15.42%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing improved microstructure of the dough.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- microstructure of the doughe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late sowing improved the microstructure of the dough and enhanced the processing quality of the flour.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing enhanced processing quality of the flour.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- processing quality of the floure0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late sowing improved the microstructure of the dough and enhanced the processing quality of the flour.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate sowing delay improved thermal conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate delay in sowinge0
- Outcome
- thermal conditionse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate delay in sowing improved thermal conditions from wintering to flowering stages, which promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation within the plants and increased the contents of protein and glutenin subunits in the grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate sowing delay promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate delay in sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen accumulation and translocatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate delay in sowing improved thermal conditions from wintering to flowering stages, which promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation within the plants and increased the contents of protein and glutenin subunits in the grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate sowing delay increased protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate delay in sowinge0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate delay in sowing improved thermal conditions from wintering to flowering stages, which promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation within the plants and increased the contents of protein and glutenin subunits in the grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate sowing delay increased glutenin subunits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moderate delay in sowinge0
- Outcome
- glutenin subunitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate delay in sowing improved thermal conditions from wintering to flowering stages, which promoted nitrogen accumulation and translocation within the plants and increased the contents of protein and glutenin subunits in the grain.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield in 2020-2021 first increased and then decreased with later sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delay of sowing datee0
- Outcome
- yield in 2020-2021e0
- Direction
- increased first and then decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the delay of sowing date, the yield in 2020-2021 increased first and then decreased, and the yield in 2021-2022 continued to decrease from T2 to T4.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield in 2021-2022 decreased from T2 to T4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delay of sowing datee0
- Outcome
- yield in 2021-2022e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- T2 to T4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the delay of sowing date, the yield in 2020-2021 increased first and then decreased, and the yield in 2021-2022 continued to decrease from T2 to T4.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate late sowing improved gluten secondary structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate late sowinge0
- Outcome
- gluten secondary structuree0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate late sowing improved the gluten secondary structure and dough microstructure.”
t0“wheat”
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