Abstract
Lodging resistance of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) can be increased by late sowing. However, whether grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) can be maintained with delayed sowing remains unknown. During the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons, two winter wheat cultivars were sown on three dates (early sowing on October 1, normal sowing on October 8, and late sowing on October 15) to investigate the responses of lodging resistance, grain yield, and NUE to sowing date. No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed. Averaging over the two cultivars and years, postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6% compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively. Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode. Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing. Averaging over the two cultivars and years, delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis. An average increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration. The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates. Thus, sowing later than normal could increase lodging resistance while maintaining grain yield and NUE.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Early and normal sowing did not differ significantly in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- earlye0
- Outcome
- lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUEe0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences in lodging resistance, grain yield, or NUE between early and normal sowing were observed.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased lodging resistance by 53.6% versus early sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- postponing the sowing datee0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.6%e0
- Comparator
- earlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6% compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased lodging resistance by 49.6% versus normal sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- postponing the sowing datee0
- Outcome
- lodging resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49.6%e0
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postponing the sowing date significantly increased lodging resistance by 53.6% and 49.6% compared with that following early and normal sowing, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced culm height at the center of gravity contributed to improved lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- culme0
- Outcome
- Lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- reduction in the culm height at the center of gravitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater tensile strength of the base internode contributed to lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- base internodee0
- Outcome
- Lodging resistancee0
- Qualifier
- increase in the tensile strengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lodging resistance was improved mainly through a reduction in the culm height at the center of gravity and an increase in the tensile strength of the base internode.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing maintained grain yield, kernel weight, and kernels per square meter versus earlier sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge0
- Outcome
- grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square metere0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- early and normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late sowing resulted in similar grain yield as well as kernel weight and number of kernels per square meter, compared to early and normal sowing.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency by 11.0% versus early sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11.0%e0
- Comparator
- earlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency by 9.9% versus normal sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed sowing resulted in a reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE) by 11.0% and 9.9% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced root length density and pre-anthesis dry matter explained lower UPE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)e1
- Qualifier
- reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“owing to reduced root length density and dry matter accumulation before anthesis”
e1“reduction in nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing raised UTE by 12.9% versus early sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12.9%e0
- Comparator
- earlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing raised UTE by 11.2% versus normal sowing.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late sowinge0
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 11.2%e0
- Comparator
- normal sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE) of 12.9% and 11.2% compared to early and normal sowing, respectively, was observed with late sowing”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced grain nitrogen concentration explained increased UTE.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE)e1
- Qualifier
- reduction in the grain nitrogen concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“owing to a reduction in the grain nitrogen concentration”
e1“increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Opposing UTE and UPE responses yielded equal NUE across sowing dates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- equal NUEse0
- Qualifier
- increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in UTE offset the reduction in UPE, resulting in equal NUEs among all sowing dates.”
t0“winter wheat”
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