Abstract
Introduction: Quercus L. genus (Oak) belongs to the family Fagaceae and their galls are used commercially in leather tanning, dyeing, and ink preparation. Several Quercus species were traditionally used to manage wound healing, acute diarrhea, hemorrhoid, and inflammatory diseases. The present study aims to investigate the phenolic content of the 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) of Q. coccinea and Q. robur leaves as well as to assess their anti-diarrheal activity. Methods: Polyphenolic content of Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME were investigated using UHPLC/MS. The antidiarrheal potential of the obtained extracts was evaluated by conducting a castor oil-induced diarrhea in-vivo model. Result and Discussion: Twenty-five and twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME, respectively. The identified compounds are related to quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and apigenin glycosides and their aglycones. In addition, hydrolyzable tannins, phenolic acid, phenyl propanoides derivatives, and cucurbitacin F were also identified in both species AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively while AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds respectively as compared to the control. Moreover, the percentage of diarrheal inhibition of Q. coccinea was 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86% respectively, and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group. Both extracts significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid by 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1% for Q. coccinea respectively; and by 38.71%, 51.19%, and 60% for Q. robur respectively as compared to the control group. In addition, AME of Q. coccinea exhibited a peristaltic index of 53.48, 47.18, and 42.28 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 18.98%, 28.53%, and 35.95 % respectively; while AME of Q. robur exhibited a peristaltic index of 47.71, 37, and 26.41 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 27.72%, 43.89%, and 59.99% respectively as compared with the control group. Notably, Q. robur showed a better antidiarrheal effect in comparison with Q. coccinea and, the highest effect was observed for Q. robur at 1000 mg/kg as it was nonsignificant from the loperamide standard group in all measured parameters.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-five polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Quercus coccinea leaf extract.
- Taxon
- Quercus coccinea
_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner_(2).jpg?width=60)
Quercus coccineat0 - Outcome
- polyphenolic compoundse1
- Value
- Twenty-fivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Flickr_-_Jay_Sturner_(2).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Quercus coccinea”
e1“Twenty-five and twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Quercus robur leaf extract.
- Taxon
- Quercus robur
Quercus roburt1 - Outcome
- polyphenolic compoundse1
- Value
- twenty-sixe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e1“Twenty-five and twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus coccinea extract at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly prolonged the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhea compared with control.
- Taxon
- Q. coccineaQuercus coccineae2
- Treatment
- AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg)e2
- Outcome
- onset of diarrheae2
- Direction
- prolongatione2
- Value
- 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7%e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quercus coccinea”
e2“AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively”
e3“by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds respectively as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur extract at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly prolonged the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhea compared with control.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure4
- Treatment
- AME of Q. robur at the same dosese4
- Outcome
- onset of diarrheae4
- Direction
- prolongede4
- Value
- 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 foldse4
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e3“by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds respectively as compared to the control”
e4“AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus coccinea extract increased the percentage of diarrheal inhibition relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. coccineaQuercus coccineae5
- Treatment
- AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg)e2
- Outcome
- percentage of diarrheal inhibitione5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86%e5
- Comparator
- control groupe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quercus coccinea”
e2“AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively”
e5“Moreover, the percentage of diarrheal inhibition of Q. coccinea was 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86% respectively”
e6“and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur extract increased the percentage of diarrheal inhibition relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure6
- Treatment
- AME of Q. robur at the same dosese4
- Outcome
- percentage of diarrheal inhibitione5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Value
- 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14%e6
- Comparator
- control groupe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e4“AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds”
e5“Moreover, the percentage of diarrheal inhibition of Q. coccinea was 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86% respectively”
e6“and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus coccinea extract decreased the volume of intestinal fluid relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. coccineaQuercus coccineae7
- Treatment
- AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg)e2
- Outcome
- volume of intestinal fluide7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1%e7
- Comparator
- control groupe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quercus coccinea”
e2“AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively”
e6“and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group”
e7“Both extracts significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid by 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1% for Q. coccinea respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur extract decreased the volume of intestinal fluid relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure4
- Treatment
- AME of Q. robur at the same dosese1
- Outcome
- volume of intestinal fluide3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 38.71%, 51.19%, and 60%e4
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e1“AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds”
e2“and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group”
e3“Both extracts significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid by 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1% for Q. coccinea respectively”
e4“by 38.71%, 51.19%, and 60% for Q. robur respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus coccinea extract inhibited gastrointestinal transit relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. coccineaQuercus coccineae1
- Treatment
- AME of Q. coccineae1
- Outcome
- gastrointestinal transite1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Value
- 18.98%, 28.53%, and 35.95 %e1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quercus coccinea”
e1“AME of Q. coccinea exhibited a peristaltic index of 53.48, 47.18, and 42.28 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 18.98%, 28.53%, and 35.95 % respectively”
e2“respectively as compared with the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur extract inhibited gastrointestinal transit relative to control.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure1
- Treatment
- AME of Q. robure1
- Outcome
- gastrointestinal transite1
- Direction
- inhibitione1
- Value
- 27.72%, 43.89%, and 59.99%e1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e1“AME of Q. robur exhibited a peristaltic index of 47.71, 37, and 26.41 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 27.72%, 43.89%, and 59.99%”
e2“respectively as compared with the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur showed a better antidiarrheal effect than Quercus coccinea.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure1
- Outcome
- antidiarrheal effecte1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- Q. coccineae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e1“Notably, Q. robur showed a better antidiarrheal effect in comparison with Q. coccinea”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercus robur at 1000 mg/kg was not significantly different from the loperamide standard in all measured parameters.
- Taxon
- Q. roburQuercus robure1
- Treatment
- at 1000 mg/kge1
- Outcome
- measured parameterse1
- Direction
- nonsignificante1
- Comparator
- loperamide standard groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Quercus robur”
e1“the highest effect was observed for Q. robur at 1000 mg/kg as it was nonsignificant from the loperamide standard group in all measured parameters”