Abstract
For a modern agricultural, the search for sustainable practices to increase productivity is fundamental. Steel slag have been studied for their potential use in agriculture. These substances present a great possibility of agricultural applications since they are rich in nutrients, which enhance plant uptake. In this regard, the effect of steel slag based-fertilizer was investigated in the greenhouse durum wheat cultivation in pots under salt-stress conditions. Two slag doses: 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1) and 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) were evaluated under no salt-stress (0 mM NaCl) and salt-stress conditions (100 mM NaCl) for salinity stress mitigation. Morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat were measured and compared to the different treatments. Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress. This study supports the hypothesis of the application of slag at lower dose improve productivity of durum wheat and mitigate salinity stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased wheat biomass, stomatal conductance, photosystem II efficiency and protein content.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- exposure to salinitye0
- Outcome
- biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- exposure to salinitye1
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/ kg soil under salinity, shoot dry weight increased 133% versus the control.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soile0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 133%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively)”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/ kg soil under salinity, root dry weight increased 400% versus control.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soile0
- Outcome
- root dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 400%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively)”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/ kg soil under salinity, stomatal conductance rose 22%.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 22 %e0
- Comparator
- control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/ kg soil under salinity, soluble sugars rose 14%.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e1
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 14 %e0
- Comparator
- control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10 g slag/ kg soil under salinity, protein content rose 158%.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1)e1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 158%e0
- Comparator
- control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C)”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 20 g slag/ kg soil treatment decreased growth parameters under salt stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2)e0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control and treatment D1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 20 g slag/ kg soil treatment produced the highest hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents under salt stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2)e1
- Outcome
- H2O2 and MDA contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- the control and treatment D1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support lower-dose slag application to improve wheat productivity and mitigate salinity stress.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- application of slag at lower dosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of slag at lower dose improve productivity of durum wheat and mitigate salinity stress.”
e1“Wheat exposure to salinity decreased its biomass, stomatal conductance, efficiency of photosystem II, protein content and increased total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Amended plants with 10 g slag/ kg soil (D1), led to a significant improve in biomass with an increase of shoot and root dry weights (133% and 400% respectively), stomatal conductance (22 %), soluble sugars (14 %) and protein content (158%) under salinity conditions as compared to the control treatment 0 g slag/ kg soil (C), indicating a positive influence on durum wheat plants. However, soil enrichment with 20 g slag/ kg soil (D2) decreased plant growth parameters and presented the highest levels of H2O2 and MDA contents compared to the control and treatment D1 after three months of cultivation under salt-stress.”
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