Abstract
Abstract Alkali barnyardgrass [ Echinochloa crus-galli var . zelayensis (Kunth) Hitchc] and junglerice [ Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] are problematic annual weeds in direct-seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) fields in China. The emergence ecology of the two weed species may differ in response to environmental factors. Laboratory and screenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of light, burial depth, mulching with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) residue, and time and depth of flooding on the emergence of the two weed species collected from Nanjing, China. Light strongly increased seed germination. Under dark conditions, E. crus-galli seed germination (85%) was higher than that of E. colona (70%). The seeds of both species exhibited the greatest germination (90% for E. crus-galli and 80% for E . colona ) when sown on the soil surface, and emergence decreased with increasing soil burial depth. Burial depths of 2.2 and 1.4 cm reduced seedling emergence by 50% for E. crus-galli and E. colona , respectively. No emergence was found at a depth of 6 cm. The seedling emergence for E. colona was lower than for E. crus-galli at the same soil burial depth. Mulching with wheat residue considerably reduced the seedling emergence and aboveground biomass of both species. The inhibitory effect of mulching with wheat residue on E . colona was more notable than on E. crus-galli . Early and deep flooding significantly suppressed the emergence, height, and biomass of E. crus-galli and E. colona , especially E . colona . The results gained from this study could provide fundamental ecological knowledge for managing Echinochloa species in direct-seeded rice systems.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Light increased weed seed germination.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Lighte0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light strongly increased seed germination”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In darkness, E. crus-galli germination was 85%, higher than E. colona at 70%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- E. crus-galli seed germinatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Qualifier
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- E. colonae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under dark conditions, E. crus-galli seed germination (85%) was higher than that of E. colona (70%)”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface sowing produced 90% germination for E. crus-galli.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- E. crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest germination (90% for E. crus-galli and 80% for E . colona ) when sown on the soil surface”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface sowing produced 80% germination for E. colona.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- E . colona
Echinochloa colonae0weed - Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greatest germination (90% for E. crus-galli and 80% for E . colona ) when sown on the soil surface”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed emergence declined with increasing burial depth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil burial depthe0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“emergence decreased with increasing soil burial depth”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Burial at 2.2 cm reduced E. crus-galli emergence by 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 2.2e0
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burial depths of 2.2 and 1.4 cm reduced seedling emergence by 50% for E. crus-galli and E. colona , respectively”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Burial at 1.4 cm reduced E. colona emergence by 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 1.4 cme0
- Interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae0weed
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burial depths of 2.2 and 1.4 cm reduced seedling emergence by 50% for E. crus-galli and E. colona , respectively”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
No weed emergence occurred at 6 cm burial.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- No emergencee0
- Value
- 6 cme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No emergence was found at a depth of 6 cm”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At equal burial depth E. colona emergence was lower than E. crus-galli emergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seedling emergence for E. colonae0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- E. crus-gallie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedling emergence for E. colona was lower than for E. crus-galli at the same soil burial depth”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residue mulch reduced emergence and aboveground biomass of both weed species.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Mulching with wheat residuee0
- Outcome
- seedling emergence and aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulching with wheat residue considerably reduced the seedling emergence and aboveground biomass of both species”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat mulch inhibited E. colona more than E. crus-galli.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mulching with wheat residuee0
- Interactor
- E . colonaEchinochloa colonae0weed
- Outcome
- inhibitory effecte0
- Direction
- more notablee0
- Comparator
- E. crus-gallie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibitory effect of mulching with wheat residue on E . colona was more notable than on E. crus-galli”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Early deep flooding suppressed emergence, height and biomass of both weed species, especially E. colona.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Early and deep floodinge0
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie0weed
- Second interactor
- E. colonaEchinochloa colonae0weed
- Outcome
- emergence, height, and biomasse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early and deep flooding significantly suppressed the emergence, height, and biomass of E. crus-galli and E. colona , especially E . colona”
t0“direct-seeded rice”
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