Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a degradation product of chitosan, is easily accessible, highly bioactive, non-toxic, and well-soluble in water. The effects of COS on the qualitative attributes of tomato fruits were investigated in the current study. COS was administered to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Ruixinghongniu) by foliar spray and root irrigation in alternate cycles at concentrations of 0.5 g·L−1 and 0.16 g·L−1, respectively. The experimental outcomes revealed that COS treatment promoted the coloring and softening of tomato fruits. Lycopene, vitamin C, fructose, and glucose levels increased by 49.0%, 25.4%, 30.2%, and 33.4%, respectively, in COS-treated ripe fruits compared to controls. The volatile metabolome showed that COS application also increased the release of ten volatiles correlated with consumer preference (1-penten-3-one, (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-heptenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, and β-ionone), contributing to an improved tomato flavor. Moreover, increased transcript levels of genes participating in ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and response along with enhanced ethylene production were observed in COS-treated fruits, suggesting that COS may regulate tomato fruit quality via the ethylene pathway. Taken together, our results indicated that the pre-harvest application of COS could improve tomato fruit quality attributes.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
COS treatment promoted tomato fruit coloring and softening.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- COS treatmente0
- Outcome
- coloring and softeninge0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COS treatment promoted the coloring and softening of tomato fruits.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased ripe fruit lycopene by 49.0% versus controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- ripe fruitse0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- Lycopenee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49.0%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lycopene, vitamin C, fructose, and glucose levels increased by 49.0%, 25.4%, 30.2%, and 33.4%, respectively, in COS-treated ripe fruits compared to controls.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased ripe fruit vitamin C by 25.4% versus controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.4%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lycopene, vitamin C, fructose, and glucose levels increased by 49.0%, 25.4%, 30.2%, and 33.4%, respectively, in COS-treated ripe fruits compared to controls.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased ripe fruit fructose by 30.2% versus controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- fructosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.2%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lycopene, vitamin C, fructose, and glucose levels increased by 49.0%, 25.4%, 30.2%, and 33.4%, respectively, in COS-treated ripe fruits compared to controls.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased ripe fruit glucose by 33.4% versus controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- glucosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.4%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lycopene, vitamin C, fructose, and glucose levels increased by 49.0%, 25.4%, 30.2%, and 33.4%, respectively, in COS-treated ripe fruits compared to controls.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased the release of ten consumer preference associated volatiles.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS applicatione0
- Outcome
- release of ten volatilese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COS application also increased the release of ten volatiles correlated with consumer preference (1-penten-3-one, (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-heptenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, and β-ionone)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased transcript levels of ethylene related genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- transcript levels of genes participating in ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and responsee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased transcript levels of genes participating in ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and response along with enhanced ethylene production were observed in COS-treated fruits”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
COS enhanced ethylene production in treated fruits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COS-treatede0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased transcript levels of genes participating in ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and response along with enhanced ethylene production were observed in COS-treated fruits”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest COS may regulate fruit quality through the ethylene pathway.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- COSe0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Qualifier
- ethylene pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that COS may regulate tomato fruit quality via the ethylene pathway.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.