Abstract
Abstract Mungbean [ Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek)] is considered as an extremely nutritious crop possessing a high level of micronutrients, but their low bioavailability in the crop leads to micronutrient malnutrition in humans. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the potential of nutrients viz. boron (B), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) biofortification on productivity, nutrient concentration and uptake as well as the economics of mungbean cultivation. In the experiment, the various combinations of RDF with ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%) were applied to mungbean variety ML 2056. The combined foliar application of Zn, Fe and B was highly efficient in increasing the yield of grain as well as straw in mungbean exhibiting maximum values i.e. 944 kg ha −1 and 6133 kg ha −1 , respectively. Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively) and straw (21.1 mg kg −1 , 18.6 mg kg −1 and 376.1 mg kg −1 , respectively) of mungbean were observed. Also, uptake of Zn and Fe by grain (31.3 g ha −1 and 164.4 g ha −1 , respectively), as well as straw (113.7 g ha −1 and 2295.0 g ha −1 , respectively), was maximum for the above treatment. Whereas, the B uptake was found to enhance significantly through the combined application of B, Zn and Fe, where the values 24.0 g ha −1 and 128.7 g ha −1 corresponded to grain and straw, respectively. Thus, combined use of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) + FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%) significantly improved the yield outcomes, the concentration of B, Zn and Fe, uptake and economic returns of mungbean cultivation to alleviate the B, Zn and Fe deficiency.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar Zn, Fe and B gave the maximum grain yield of mungbean, 944 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- mungbean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- combined foliar application of Zn, Fe and Be1
- Outcome
- yield of graine1
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 944 kg ha −1e3
- Comparator
- RDFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e1“The combined foliar application of Zn, Fe and B was highly efficient in increasing the yield of grain as well as straw”
e3“exhibiting maximum values i.e. 944 kg ha −1”
e4“various combinations of RDF with ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%) were applied to mungbean variety ML 2056”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar Zn, Fe and B gave the maximum straw yield of mungbean, 6133 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined foliar application of Zn, Fe and Be1
- Outcome
- yield of grain as well as strawe1
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 6133 kg ha −1e2
- Comparator
- RDFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e1“The combined foliar application of Zn, Fe and B was highly efficient in increasing the yield of grain as well as straw”
e2“6133 kg ha −1”
e4“various combinations of RDF with ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%), FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%) were applied to mungbean variety ML 2056”
e3“exhibiting maximum values i.e. 944 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain B concentration of mungbean was 27.3 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Compound
- Be3
- Outcome
- concentration in graine3
- Value
- 27.3 mg kg −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e3“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn concentration of mungbean was 35.7 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Compound
- Zne3
- Outcome
- concentration in graine3
- Value
- 35.7 mg kg −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e3“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Fe concentration of mungbean was 187.1 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Compound
- Fee3
- Outcome
- concentration in graine3
- Value
- 187.1 mg kg −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e3“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw B concentration of mungbean was 21.1 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e4“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively) and straw (21.1 mg kg −1 , 18.6 mg kg −1 and 376.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw Zn concentration of mungbean was 18.6 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e4“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively) and straw (21.1 mg kg −1 , 18.6 mg kg −1 and 376.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw Fe concentration of mungbean was 376.1 mg kg −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e4“Similar results for B, Zn and Fe concentration in grain (27.3 mg kg −1 , 35.7 mg kg −1 and 187.1 mg kg −1 , respectively) and straw (21.1 mg kg −1 , 18.6 mg kg −1 and 376.1 mg kg −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn uptake of mungbean was 31.3 g ha −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e5“uptake of Zn and Fe by grain (31.3 g ha −1 and 164.4 g ha −1 , respectively), as well as straw (113.7 g ha −1 and 2295.0 g ha −1 , respectively), was maximum for the above treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Fe uptake of mungbean was 164.4 g ha −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e5“uptake of Zn and Fe by grain (31.3 g ha −1 and 164.4 g ha −1 , respectively), as well as straw (113.7 g ha −1 and 2295.0 g ha −1 , respectively), was maximum for the above treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw Zn uptake of mungbean was 113.7 g ha −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e5“uptake of Zn and Fe by grain (31.3 g ha −1 and 164.4 g ha −1 , respectively), as well as straw (113.7 g ha −1 and 2295.0 g ha −1 , respectively), was maximum for the above treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw Fe uptake of mungbean was 2295.0 g ha −1 under the maximum-yield treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e5“uptake of Zn and Fe by grain (31.3 g ha −1 and 164.4 g ha −1 , respectively), as well as straw (113.7 g ha −1 and 2295.0 g ha −1 , respectively), was maximum for the above treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain B uptake of mungbean was enhanced by combined B, Zn and Fe application, to 24.0 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- graine6
- Treatment
- combined application of B, Zn and Fee6
- Compound
- Be6
- Outcome
- B uptakee6
- Direction
- enhancee6
- Value
- 24.0 g ha −1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e6“the B uptake was found to enhance significantly through the combined application of B, Zn and Fe, where the values 24.0 g ha −1 and 128.7 g ha −1 corresponded to grain and straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw B uptake of mungbean was enhanced by combined B, Zn and Fe application, to 128.7 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Organ / stage
- strawe6
- Treatment
- combined application of B, Zn and Fee6
- Compound
- Be6
- Outcome
- B uptakee6
- Direction
- enhancee6
- Value
- 128.7 g ha −1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e6“the B uptake was found to enhance significantly through the combined application of B, Zn and Fe, where the values 24.0 g ha −1 and 128.7 g ha −1 corresponded to grain and straw, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined use of ZnSO4, FeSO4 and borax significantly improved the economic returns of mungbean cultivation.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined use of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) + FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%)e7
- Outcome
- economic returnse4
- Direction
- improvede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“mungbean (Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek))”
e7“combined use of ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) + FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (0.5%) and borax (0.1%) significantly improved the yield outcomes”
e4“uptake and economic returns of mungbean cultivation”
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