Abstract
Abstract Field experiments were conducted over 2 yr (2019 to 2020) at two locations in Iowa to evaluate multi-tactic strategies for managing multiple herbicide–resistant (MHR) waterhemp [ Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer] in a corn ( Zea mays L.)–soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. The effect of three herbicide programs on A. tuberculatus control was tested in corn (2019). The effects of the prior year’s corn weed control, a cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and soybean row spacing (38-cm vs. 76-cm wide) on A. tuberculatus density, biomass, and seed production were tested in soybean (2020). A herbicide program used in corn with two sites of action provided only 35% control of MHR A. tuberculatus compared with ≥97% control by a herbicide program with three sites of action. In soybean, adequate control of A. tuberculatus (≥90%) in the prior year’s corn crop and use of a cover crop or narrow rows reduced A. tuberculatus density by more than 60% at 3 and 9 wk after planting (WAP) compared with inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn and no cover crop. Cover crop and narrow-row soybean reduced A. tuberculatus density by 44% at 3 WAP compared with no cover crop and wide-row soybean. Inclusion of a single control tactic, adequate control (≥90%) with multiple herbicides in the prior year’s corn, use of a cover crop, or narrow-row soybean reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 24% compared with inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn, no cover crop, and wide-row soybean. The combination of all three control tactics reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 80%. In conclusion, diverse control tactics targeting A. tuberculatus at multiple life-cycle stages can make substantial contributions to the management of MHR populations.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
A corn herbicide program with two sites of action gave only 35% control of multiple herbicide-resistant A. tuberculatus, lower than a three-site program.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- herbicide program used in corn with two sites of actione1
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatus
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Amaranthus tuberculatuse1weed - Outcome
- control of MHR A. tuberculatuse1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Comparator
- herbicide program with three sites of actione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“A herbicide program used in corn with two sites of action provided only 35% control of MHR A. tuberculatus compared with ≥97% control by a herbicide program with three sites of action”
Claim · model-written summary
A corn herbicide program with three sites of action gave at least 97% control of multiple herbicide-resistant A. tuberculatus, higher than a two-site program.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- herbicide program with three sites of actione1
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatusAmaranthus tuberculatuse1weed
- Outcome
- control of MHR A. tuberculatuse1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- ≥97%e1
- Comparator
- herbicide program used in corn with two sites of actione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A herbicide program used in corn with two sites of action provided only 35% control of MHR A. tuberculatus compared with ≥97% control by a herbicide program with three sites of action”
Claim · model-written summary
Adequate control of A. tuberculatus in the prior year’s corn, together with a cover crop or narrow rows, reduced A. tuberculatus density by more than 60% at 3 and 9 weeks after planting in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe2 - Treatment
- adequate control of A. tuberculatus (≥90%) in the prior year’s corn crop and use of a cover crop or narrow rowse2
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatusAmaranthus tuberculatuse2weed
- Outcome
- A. tuberculatus densitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- more than 60%e2
- Qualifier
- at 3 and 9 wk after planting (WAP)e2
- Comparator
- inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn and no cover crope2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In soybean, adequate control of A. tuberculatus (≥90%) in the prior year’s corn crop and use of a cover crop or narrow rows reduced A. tuberculatus density by more than 60% at 3 and 9 wk after planting (WAP) compared with inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn and no cover crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop and narrow-row soybean reduced A. tuberculatus density by 44% at 3 weeks after planting.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- Cover crop and narrow-row soybeane3
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatusAmaranthus tuberculatuse3weed
- Outcome
- A. tuberculatus densitye3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 44%e3
- Qualifier
- at 3 WAPe3
- Comparator
- no cover crop and wide-row soybeane3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Cover crop and narrow-row soybean reduced A. tuberculatus density by 44% at 3 WAP compared with no cover crop and wide-row soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
A single control tactic reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 24%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- Inclusion of a single control tactice4
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatusAmaranthus tuberculatuse4weed
- Outcome
- biomass and seed production at soybean harveste4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- at least 24%e4
- Comparator
- inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn, no cover crop, and wide-row soybeane4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Inclusion of a single control tactic, adequate control (≥90%) with multiple herbicides in the prior year’s corn, use of a cover crop, or narrow-row soybean reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 24% compared with inadequate control (30%) in the prior year’s corn, no cover crop, and wide-row soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of all three control tactics reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 80%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- The combination of all three control tacticse5
- Interactor
- A. tuberculatusAmaranthus tuberculatuse5weed
- Outcome
- biomass and seed production at soybean harveste5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- at least 80%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The combination of all three control tactics reduced A. tuberculatus biomass and seed production at soybean harvest by at least 80%”
The same questions in other papers
Zea mays subsp. mays · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 9 papers →cover crop · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
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See all 11 papers →herbicide · Amaranthus tuberculatus · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.