Abstract
Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is the most common leafy vegetable produced hydroponically in the United States. Although hydroponic systems are advantageous due to lower pest and disease pressure, and reduced water and nutrient requirements, the increasing prices of fertilizers, including phosphorus (P), still influences the profitability of hydroponic production of lettuce. Characterizing lettuce germplasm capable of producing high yield using less P inputs may help reduce fertilizer use, production costs, and P loads in wastewater. In this study, 12 lettuce accessions were grown in four experiments in a nutrient film technique system. In the first two experiments, the treatments consisted of two P concentrations (3.1 and 31 mg·L −1 ). Lettuce cultivated with 3.1 mg·L −1 of P had variable shoot and root biomass, root–shoot ratio, P uptake efficiency, and P utilization efficiency, indicating the existence of genetic variation. Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments. In the third and fourth experiments, the treatments consisted of two P sources (monosodium phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ) and tricalcium phosphate [TCP; Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ]. Initially, extra 5 mM of calcium (Ca) was added to the TCP solution to reduce the TCP solubility and, hence, P bioavailability to plants. All accessions produced similar shoot and root weight with both treatments, indicating that the TCP treatment did not cause low-P stress to the plants. After, the extra Ca concentration added to TCP was increased to 10 mM, resulting in low-P stress and a significant reduction in shoot weight of all accessions. Despite the severe P stress, ‘Little Gem’ and 60183 were among the accessions with the least shoot weight reduction in the TCP treatment. Variability was observed in root biomass root–shoot ratio among accessions under the TCP treatment, suggesting that lettuce accessions responded differently to P stress conditions. The genetic variation for P use efficiency (PUE) and PUE-related traits in lettuce grown hydroponically suggests the feasibility of breeding new lettuce cultivars from elite lettuce germplasm adapted to low P availability in hydroponics.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P lettuce showed variation in shoot and root biomass and root–shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- 3.1 mg·L −1 of Pe0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomass, root–shoot ratioe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce cultivated with 3.1 mg·L −1 of P had variable shoot and root biomass, root–shoot ratio, P uptake efficiency, and P utilization efficiency, indicating the existence of genetic variation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P lettuce showed variation in P uptake and utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- 3.1 mg·L −1 of Pe0
- Outcome
- P uptake efficiency, and P utilization efficiencye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lettuce cultivated with 3.1 mg·L −1 of P had variable shoot and root biomass, root–shoot ratio, P uptake efficiency, and P utilization efficiency, indicating the existence of genetic variation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Little Gem produced similar shoot biomass under low and high P and was considered efficient.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Little Geme0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- high P treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
60183 produced similar shoot biomass under low and high P and was considered efficient.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- 60183e0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- high P treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Valmaine produced similar shoot biomass under low and high P and was considered efficient.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Valmainee0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- high P treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
BG19-0539 produced similar shoot biomass under low and high P and was considered efficient.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- BG19-0539e0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- high P treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Lightning produced similar shoot biomass under low and high P and was considered efficient.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Green Lightninge0
- Treatment
- lowe0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- high P treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five accessions (‘Little Gem’, 60183, ‘Valmaine’, BG19-0539, and ‘Green Lightning’) were considered efficient to P because produced similar shoot biomass with the low and high P treatments.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
TCP with extra 5 mM Ca gave similar shoot and root weight to the other P source, without low-P stress.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- extra 5 mM of calcium (Ca)e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root weighte0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- did not cause low-P stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Initially, extra 5 mM of calcium (Ca) was added to the TCP solution to reduce the TCP solubility and, hence, P bioavailability to plants. All accessions produced similar shoot and root weight with both treatments, indicating that the TCP treatment did not cause low-P stress to the plants.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing extra Ca in TCP to 10 mM caused low-P stress and significantly reduced shoot weight in all accessions.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- extra Ca concentration added to TCP was increased to 10 mMe0
- Outcome
- shoot weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- low-P stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After, the extra Ca concentration added to TCP was increased to 10 mM, resulting in low-P stress and a significant reduction in shoot weight of all accessions.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Little Gem had among the least shoot-weight reductions under severe TCP P stress.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- Little Geme0
- Treatment
- TCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot weight reductione0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the severe P stress, ‘Little Gem’ and 60183 were among the accessions with the least shoot weight reduction in the TCP treatment.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
60183 had among the least shoot-weight reductions under severe TCP P stress.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Material
- 60183e0
- Treatment
- TCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot weight reductione0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the severe P stress, ‘Little Gem’ and 60183 were among the accessions with the least shoot weight reduction in the TCP treatment.”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass and root–shoot ratio varied among accessions under TCP, suggesting different stress responses.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- TCP treatmente0
- Outcome
- root biomass root–shoot ratioe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variability was observed in root biomass root–shoot ratio among accessions under the TCP treatment, suggesting that lettuce accessions responded differently to P stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic variation suggests breeding low-P-adapted hydroponic lettuce cultivars is feasible.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- breeding new lettuce cultivars from elite lettuce germplasm adapted to low P availability in hydroponicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genetic variation for P use efficiency (PUE) and PUE-related traits in lettuce grown hydroponically suggests the feasibility of breeding new lettuce cultivars from elite lettuce germplasm adapted to low P availability in hydroponics.”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
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