Abstract
Nutrient management of high-density apple orchards remains to be a serious problem in central Russia. Enhancing apple productivity by applying higher fertilizer rates leads to an increased environmental burden and undesired consequences. Although the transition to organic farming may solve many horticultural problems, conventional methods still produce higher crop yields. One of the most pressing issues consists in reducing mineral fertilizer use by applying more organic substances. This approach allows soil fertility to be preserved while maintaining high levels of plantation productivity. In the present research, particular attention was paid to potassium nutrition of apple trees. During 2020 and 2021, we studied the effect of potassium fertilizers in various standard amounts and silicon-modified potassium humate on the state of apple trees cv. Ligol grafted on 62-396 rootstock in the experimental orchard of I.V. Michurin Federal Research Center. The orchard was planted in 2018 according to a 1.2×4.5 m pattern (1852 trees per hectare). The experimental design was as follows: control (irrigation); full standard amount of N 20 P 6 K 28 fertilizers; ¾ standard amount of N 15 P 4 K 21 mineral fertilizers + ½ standard amount of potassium humate, ½ standard amount of N 10 P 3 K 14 mineral fertilizers + ½ standard amount of potassium humate; full standard potassium humate amount of 10 L/ha. In 2020, the introduction of potassium humate provided the maximum yield, although without significant differences compared to the use of mineral fertilizers. In 2021, the yield was also at the level achieved with mineral fertilizers. Potassium humate provided a higher nitrogen content in the leaves as compared to mineral fertilizers, largely due to a significant increase in the availability of nitrogen and potassium in the soil. The content of available phosphorus was not significantly affected. This assumes that the effectiveness of humates depends on the soil type. The combined application of reduced standard amounts of mineral fertilizers and potassium humate contributed to maintenance of high yields under with a less dramatic increase in soil acidity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium humate gave the maximum 2020 apple yield, without a significant difference from mineral fertilizer.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- potassium humatee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2020, the introduction of potassium humate provided the maximum yield, although without significant differences compared to the use of mineral fertilizers.”
t0“cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2021, apple yield with potassium humate was at the level obtained with mineral fertilizers.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- potassium humatet0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- at the levele0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2021, the yield was also at the level achieved with mineral fertilizers.”
t0“potassium humate on the yield and N, P, K content in soil and leaves of cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium humate produced higher apple leaf nitrogen content than mineral fertilizers.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Potassium humatee0
- Outcome
- nitrogen content in the leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium humate provided a higher nitrogen content in the leaves as compared to mineral fertilizers”
t0“cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium humate significantly increased soil nitrogen availability.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- potassium humatet0
- Outcome
- availability of nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in the availability of nitrogen and potassium in the soil”
t0“potassium humate on the yield and N, P, K content in soil and leaves of cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium humate significantly increased soil potassium availability.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- potassium humatet0
- Outcome
- availability of nitrogen and potassiume0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in the availability of nitrogen and potassium in the soil”
t0“potassium humate on the yield and N, P, K content in soil and leaves of cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil phosphorus was not significantly affected.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- potassium humatet0
- Outcome
- content of available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of available phosphorus was not significantly affected.”
t0“potassium humate on the yield and N, P, K content in soil and leaves of cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced mineral fertilizer amounts combined with potassium humate maintained high apple yields.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- combined application of reduced standard amounts of mineral fertilizers and potassium humatee0
- Outcome
- high yieldse0
- Direction
- maintenancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of reduced standard amounts of mineral fertilizers and potassium humate contributed to maintenance of high yields under with a less dramatic increase in soil acidity.”
t0“cv. Ligol apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined reduced mineral fertilizer and humate regime produced a less dramatic rise in soil acidity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Ligolt0
- Treatment
- combined application of reduced standard amounts of mineral fertilizers and potassium humatee0
- Outcome
- soil aciditye0
- Direction
- less dramatic increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of reduced standard amounts of mineral fertilizers and potassium humate contributed to maintenance of high yields under with a less dramatic increase in soil acidity.”
t0“cv. Ligol apple”
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