Abstract
Allelopathy refers to the beneficial and detrimental effects of one plant on another plant in both crops and weeds through the production of secondary compounds. In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a crop and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) as a common weed worldwide on each other in intercropping, these plants were cultivated under controlled conditions at Tabriz University laboratory. The ratios of wheat to redroot pigweed were, 100 : 0 and vice versa as a control, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, and 25 : 75. The results showed that at the ratio of 25 : 75 (wheat : redroot pigweed), the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot length of wheat decreased significantly compared to the control. The fresh and dry weight of wheat shoots showed a significant decrease at different ratios compared to the control. Shoot peroxidase (POD), root superoxide dismutase (SOD), and root and shoot catalase (CAT) activities in redroot pigweed increased in all intercropping ratios compared to the control. POD activity in wheat roots was higher at all ratios than in the control. Furthermore, the ratio of 75 : 25 (wheat : redroot pigweed) led to increased activity of POD enzymes and malonedialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat shoots. Moreover, roots of redroot pigweed showed increased activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and SOD enzymes and MDA content. With increased density of redroot pigweed, the soluble sugar content of wheat roots reduced significantly. However, the content of insoluble sugar and total protein increased. Root exudate compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty alcohol, steroids, fatty acids, and alkanes were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The findings showed that the roots were more exposed to oxidative stress due to direct contact with allelochemical compounds. Our results support the hypothesis that increasing the density can reduce the toxicity of allelochemical compounds and that increasing the activity of the antioxidant system will improve plant growth under allelochemical stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
At a 25:75 wheat to pigweed ratio, wheat root fresh and dry weight and shoot length decreased significantly versus control.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- 25 : 75e0
- Interactor
- redroot pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the ratio of 25 : 75 (wheat : redroot pigweed), the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot length of wheat decreased significantly compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot fresh and dry weight declined significantly across intercropping ratios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different ratiose0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of wheat shootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fresh and dry weight of wheat shoots showed a significant decrease at different ratios compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigweed shoot POD, root SOD, and root and shoot CAT activities increased in all intercropping ratios.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot peroxidase (POD), root superoxide dismutase (SOD), and root and shoot catalase (CAT) activities in redroot pigweed increased in all intercropping ratios compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat root POD activity was higher at all intercropping ratios.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- all ratiose0
- Outcome
- POD activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“POD activity in wheat roots was higher at all ratios than in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At a 75:25 ratio, wheat shoot POD activity and MDA content increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- 75 : 25e0
- Interactor
- redroot pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- activity of POD enzymes and malonedialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ratio of 75 : 25 (wheat : redroot pigweed) led to increased activity of POD enzymes and malonedialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigweed roots showed increased APX and SOD activities and MDA content.
Verbatim
e0“roots of redroot pigweed showed increased activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and SOD enzymes and MDA content”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher pigweed density significantly reduced soluble sugar content of wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- redroot pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increased density of redroot pigweed, the soluble sugar content of wheat roots reduced significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat root insoluble sugar and total protein content increased.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the content of insoluble sugar and total protein increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Root exudates contained terpenoids, phenolics, fatty alcohols, steroids, fatty acids and alkanes.
- Outcome
- Root exudate compoundse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Root exudate compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty alcohol, steroids, fatty acids, and alkanes were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots were more exposed to oxidative stress through allelochemical contact.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Qualifier
- direct contact with allelochemical compoundse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the roots were more exposed to oxidative stress due to direct contact with allelochemical compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors hypothesize increased density reduces allelochemical toxicity and antioxidant activity improves growth.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“increasing the density can reduce the toxicity of allelochemical compounds and that increasing the activity of the antioxidant system will improve plant growth under allelochemical stress”