Abstract
This greenhouse study evaluated the effects of two chemical inducers for priming kidney bean seedlings against a bacterial wilt disease. This study's central premise was that chlorine dioxide's oxidant properties would mimic the signaling properties of radical oxygen species, thereby initiating a cascade of molecular plant defenses, including the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA). This signaling agent then initiates a cascade of pre-defense activities to provide a more rapid and robust natural defense against pathogen attacks. This factorial study included two levels for a foliar chlorine dioxide treatment and two for a bacterial wilt inoculation treatment. The two plant response variables were free and conjugated salicylic acid levels sampled in leaf tissue over two collection dates. Half of the 96 plants were inoculated with a bacterial culture that causes common bean wilt disease. Leaf tissue was harvested 17 to 32 h and 960 h after the wilt inoculation to determine the temporal dynamics of SA due to chemical treatments. Also, PCR tests were used to verify wilt presence in the inoculated plants. Inoculation of the wilt disease did not affect free SA when leaf tissue was sampled from 17 to 32 h. after wilt inoculation. However, chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/l and sampled at 20 h after inoculation resulted in a 15-fold increase in free SA over the control. Also, chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/l with leaf tissue sampled at 26 h after inoculation resulted in a 33-fold increase in conjugate SA levels compared to the control plants. Leaf tissue sampled at 960 h after the inoculation showed no free SA differences among the chemical treatments. However, the inoculated plant had a 15.9-fold increase in free SA compared to the non-inoculated plants. The priming effect on kidney bean seedlings using a single chlorine dioxide foliage application temporarily increased free and conjugate SA. The free and conjugate SA levels for the non-inoculated plants returned to baseline levels when sampled at 960 h. These results indicate that primed plants elevate SA up to several weeks with a slow decline back to baseline levels. Stem injection of the bacterial wilt bypassed the immunity mechanisms present in leaves, which significantly increased the wilt injury levels. Stem injection negated much of the foliar defenses, which overshadowed the priming effects of the chemical treatments on plant immunity and foliar defenses. The second leaf sampling on newly formed leaves reveals elevated SA levels in the inoculated plants but not in the non-inoculated plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Wilt inoculation did not affect early free salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of the wilt diseasee0
- Outcome
- free SAe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- 17 to 32 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of the wilt disease did not affect free SA when leaf tissue was sampled from 17 to 32 h.”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine dioxide at 400 mg/l raised free SA 15-fold at 20 h.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/le0
- Outcome
- free SAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15-folde0
- Qualifier
- 20 h after inoculatione0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/l and sampled at 20 h after inoculation resulted in a 15-fold increase in free SA over the control”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine dioxide at 400 mg/l raised conjugate SA 33-fold at 26 h.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/le0
- Outcome
- conjugate SA levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 33-folde0
- Qualifier
- 26 h after inoculatione0
- Comparator
- the control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorine dioxide applied at 400 mg/l with leaf tissue sampled at 26 h after inoculation resulted in a 33-fold increase in conjugate SA levels compared to the control plants”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At 960 h, chemical treatments did not differ in free SA.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- chemical treatmentse0
- Outcome
- free SAe0
- Direction
- no free SA differencese0
- Qualifier
- 960 h after the inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf tissue sampled at 960 h after the inoculation showed no free SA differences among the chemical treatments”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had 15.9-fold more free SA than uninoculated plants at late sampling.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- inoculated plante0
- Outcome
- free SAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15.9-folde0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculated plant had a 15.9-fold increase in free SA compared to the non-inoculated plants”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
A single foliar chlorine dioxide application temporarily increased free and conjugated SA.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- a single chlorine dioxide foliage applicatione0
- Outcome
- free and conjugate SAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- temporarilye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a single chlorine dioxide foliage application temporarily increased free and conjugate SA”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Free and conjugated SA in uninoculated plants returned to baseline by 960 h.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- free and conjugate SA levelse0
- Direction
- returned to baseline levelse0
- Qualifier
- 960 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The free and conjugate SA levels for the non-inoculated plants returned to baseline levels when sampled at 960 h”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem injection of bacterial wilt significantly increased wilt injury.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Organ / stage
- Steme0
- Treatment
- Stem injection of the bacterial wilte0
- Outcome
- wilt injury levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem injection of the bacterial wilt bypassed the immunity mechanisms present in leaves, which significantly increased the wilt injury levels”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem injection weakened the priming effects of chemical treatment on foliar defenses.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Stem injectione0
- Outcome
- priming effects of the chemical treatments on plant immunity and foliar defensese0
- Qualifier
- overshadowede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem injection negated much of the foliar defenses, which overshadowed the priming effects of the chemical treatments on plant immunity and foliar defenses”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
New leaves had elevated SA after inoculation but not without inoculation.
- Taxon
- kidney beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Organ / stage
- newly formed leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- SA levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“newly formed leaves reveals elevated SA levels in the inoculated plants but not in the non-inoculated plants”
e1“priming kidney bean seedlings”
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