Abstract
Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases were collected from different locations of Behira, Ismailia and Minia Governorates, Egypt. Fusarium, Macrophomina, Rhizoctonia and Pythium were isolated from the infected plants. The results showed that F. oxysporum recorded the highest isolated rate, followed by R. solani, F. solani, M. phaseolina and Pythium sp. The effect of various concentrations of marjoram and peppermint essential oils on the mycelial growth of the isolated fungi was tested in vitro. Marjoram and peppermint oils completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. solani and Pythium sp. at the concentration of 5 ml/l. A Field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Agricultural Research Station, Malawy, Minia Governorate, Egypt, during two successive seasons of 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of different weed control methods (un-weeded control, clover cover yield, hand hoeing and black plastic mulch) on weeds biomass. The results indicated that all weed control treatments significantly decreased the weight of grassy broad-leaf weeds and total weeds compared to the un-weeded control. Moreover, all weed control treatments and plants treated with the essential oils of marjoram and peppermint as well as the biocides (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum) significantly decreased the wilt disease incidence and improved the vegetative growth, yield and volatile oil of geranium plants. The results indicated that plastic mulch was the most effective in reducing wilt incidence as well as increasing all growth characteristics and productivity of volatile oil, while the highest disease incidence and the lowest growth and yield were recorded under un-weeded treatment. The application of the marjoram essential oil or biocide B. subtilis resulted in the lowest incidence of wilt disease and the highest increase in the growth, herb yield, essential oil yield and main components of essential oil. The highest growth characters and volatile oil were recorded with either black plastic mulch and marjoram essential oil or with B. subtilis treatment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum had the highest isolation rate, followed by four other fungi.
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume1pathogen - Outcome
- F. oxysporum recorded the highest isolated ratee1
- Direction
- higheste1
GeraniumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases”
e1“F. oxysporum recorded the highest isolated rate, followed by R. solani, F. solani, M. phaseolina and Pythium sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum growth was completely inhibited by marjoram and peppermint oils at 5 ml/l.
- Treatment
- Marjoram and peppermint oilse1
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of F. oxysporume1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Value
- 5 ml/le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases”
e1“Marjoram and peppermint oils completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. solani and Pythium sp. at the concentration of 5 ml/l”
Claim · model-written summary
F. solani growth was completely inhibited by marjoram and peppermint oils at 5 ml/l.
- Treatment
- Marjoram and peppermint oilse1
- Interactor
- F. solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Value
- 5 ml/le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases”
e1“Marjoram and peppermint oils completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. solani and Pythium sp. at the concentration of 5 ml/l”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani growth was completely inhibited by marjoram and peppermint oils at 5 ml/l.
- Treatment
- Marjoram and peppermint oilse1
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Value
- 5 ml/le1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases”
e1“Marjoram and peppermint oils completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. solani and Pythium sp. at the concentration of 5 ml/l”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium sp. growth was completely inhibited by marjoram and peppermint oils at 5 ml/l.
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit ex Ait.) plants infected with root rot and wilt diseases”
e1“Marjoram and peppermint oils completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. solani and Pythium sp. at the concentration of 5 ml/l”
Claim · model-written summary
All weed control treatments significantly reduced grassy broad-leaf and total weed weight versus the un-weeded control.
- Treatment
- all weed control treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weight of grassy broad-leaf weeds and total weedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- un-weeded controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all weed control treatments significantly decreased the weight of grassy broad-leaf weeds and total weeds compared to the un-weeded control”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control treatments, essential oils and biocides significantly reduced wilt incidence.
- Treatment
- all weed control treatments and plants treated with the essential oils of marjoram and peppermint as well as the biocidese0
- Outcome
- wilt disease incidencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all weed control treatments and plants treated with the essential oils of marjoram and peppermint as well as the biocides (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum) significantly decreased the wilt disease incidence”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
These weed controls, oils and biocides significantly improved geranium growth, yield and volatile oil.
- Treatment
- all weed control treatments and plants treated with the essential oils of marjoram and peppermint as well as the biocidese0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth, yield and volatile oile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all weed control treatments and plants treated with the essential oils of marjoram and peppermint as well as the biocides (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum) significantly decreased the wilt disease incidence and improved the vegetative growth, yield and volatile oil of geranium plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch most effectively reduced wilt incidence.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plastic mulch was the most effective in reducing wilt incidence”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic mulch most effectively increased growth characteristics and volatile oil productivity.
- Treatment
- plastic mulche0
- Outcome
- all growth characteristics and productivity of volatile oile0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plastic mulch was the most effective in reducing wilt incidence as well as increasing all growth characteristics and productivity of volatile oil”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
The un-weeded treatment had the highest disease incidence and lowest growth and yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest disease incidence and the lowest growth and yield were recorded under un-weeded treatment”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Marjoram essential oil produced the lowest wilt incidence and highest growth, herb and essential oil yields and oil components.
- Treatment
- marjoram essential oile0
- Outcome
- lowest incidence of wilt disease and the highest increase in the growth, herb yield, essential oil yield and main components of essential oile0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the marjoram essential oil or biocide B. subtilis resulted in the lowest incidence of wilt disease and the highest increase in the growth, herb yield, essential oil yield and main components of essential oil”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis produced the lowest wilt incidence and highest growth, herb and essential oil yields and oil components.
- Treatment
- biocide B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- lowest incidence of wilt disease and the highest increase in the growth, herb yield, essential oil yield and main components of essential oile0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of the marjoram essential oil or biocide B. subtilis resulted in the lowest incidence of wilt disease and the highest increase in the growth, herb yield, essential oil yield and main components of essential oil”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
Black plastic mulch with marjoram oil recorded the highest growth characters and volatile oil.
- Treatment
- black plastic mulch and marjoram essential oile0
- Outcome
- growth characters and volatile oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest growth characters and volatile oil were recorded with either black plastic mulch and marjoram essential oil or with B. subtilis treatment”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis treatment recorded the highest growth characters and volatile oil.
- Treatment
- B. subtilis treatmente0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth characters and volatile oile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest growth characters and volatile oil were recorded with either black plastic mulch and marjoram essential oil or with B. subtilis treatment”
t0“GERANIUM PLANTS”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · disease · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · disease · GeraniumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · growth · GeraniumResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · yield · GeraniumResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.