Abstract
Fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) represent one of the plant-based natural spices. This study aims to improve the fruit yield and essential oil (EO) quality by reducing the undesirable component, estragole, under different fertilizer treatments. The fertilizers included chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and also the organic additive, rabbit manure (RM). For bio-fertilization, plants were inoculated with a mixture of N-fixing bacteria, and P- and K-solubilizing bacteria with/without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The results showed that fruit and EO yield parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH scavenging activity of fruit extracts were enhanced by fertilizer treatments in both growing seasons. NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield. TPC and TFC were enhanced by using biological fertilizers. DPPH scavenging activity was higher in organically and biologically fertilized fennel. The GC-MS analyses of EO revealed higher contents of the desirable trans-anethole in the organically and chemically fertilized fennel. However, the highest proportion of estragole, the undesirable compound, was recorded for NPK150 and unfertilized plants. On the contrary, increases in the EO content and yield of fennel fruits were achieved by RM along with a reduction in estragole, enhancement in trans-anethole, and increments in other favorable compounds such as fenchone and limonene. In addition, the inhibition of estragole formation was recorded with bio-fertilizers, which also increased the trans-anethole content. Furthermore, the trans-anethole/estragole ratio was significantly higher with the application of organic and bio-fertilization. Hence, organic and bio-fertilizer resources can produce high-quality fennel fruit and EO. The reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers can help to reduce environmental pollution.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatments enhanced fruit and essential oil yield parameters of fennel in both growing seasons.
- Taxon
- Fennel Fruits
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculumt0 - Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit and EO yield parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fruit and EO yield parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH scavenging activity of fruit extracts were enhanced by fertilizer treatments in both growing seasons”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatments enhanced total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and DPPH scavenging activity of fennel fruit extracts in both growing seasons.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit and EO yield parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH scavenging activity of fruit extracts were enhanced by fertilizer treatments in both growing seasons”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 150% of the recommended dose and rabbit manure at 60 m3/fed gave the highest plant height, umbel number per plant and 100-fruit weight.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK150 and RM60 gave the highest fruit yield of fennel.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60)e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK150 and RM60 gave the highest chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and N and P content in fennel.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK150 and RM60 gave the highest essential oil content and yield.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60)e0
- Outcome
- EO content, and yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK at 150% of the recommended dose (NPK150) and RM at 60 m3/fed (RM60) recorded the highest values of plant height, umbel number/plant, 100-fruit weight, fruit yield, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N and P content, EO content, and yield”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were enhanced by biological fertilizers.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- biological fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- TPC and TFCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TPC and TFC were enhanced by using biological fertilizers”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH scavenging activity was higher in organically and biologically fertilized fennel.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- organically and biologically fertilizede0
- Outcome
- DPPH scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DPPH scavenging activity was higher in organically and biologically fertilized fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS analysis showed higher trans-anethole content in the essential oil of organically and chemically fertilized fennel.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- organically and chemically fertilizede0
- Outcome
- trans-anetholee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher contents of the desirable trans-anethole in the organically and chemically fertilized fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest proportion of the undesirable estragole was recorded for NPK150 and unfertilized fennel plants.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- NPK150 and unfertilized plantse0
- Outcome
- highest proportion of estragolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest proportion of estragole, the undesirable compound, was recorded for NPK150 and unfertilized plants”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Rabbit manure increased the essential oil content and yield of fennel fruits.
- Taxon
- fennel fruitsAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- RMe0
- Outcome
- EO content and yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in the EO content and yield of fennel fruits were achieved by RM”
Claim · model-written summary
Rabbit manure reduced estragole in fennel essential oil.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- RMe0
- Outcome
- estragolee1
- Direction
- reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieved by RM”
e1“a reduction in estragole”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Rabbit manure enhanced trans-anethole in fennel essential oil.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- RMe0
- Outcome
- trans-anetholee1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieved by RM”
e1“enhancement in trans-anethole”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Rabbit manure increased other favorable compounds such as fenchone and limonene in fennel essential oil.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- RMe0
- Outcome
- fenchone and limonenee1
- Direction
- incrementse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieved by RM”
e1“increments in other favorable compounds such as fenchone and limonene”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizers inhibited estragole formation in fennel.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- estragole formatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition of estragole formation was recorded with bio-fertilizers, which also increased the trans-anethole content”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizers increased the trans-anethole content of fennel.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- bio-fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- trans-anethole contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibition of estragole formation was recorded with bio-fertilizers, which also increased the trans-anethole content”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The trans-anethole/estragole ratio was significantly higher with organic and bio-fertilization.
- Taxon
- Fennel FruitsAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- organic and bio-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- trans-anethole/estragole ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the trans-anethole/estragole ratio was significantly higher with the application of organic and bio-fertilization”
t0“Fennel Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that organic and bio-fertilizer resources can produce high-quality fennel fruit and essential oil.
- Taxon
- fennel fruitAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- high-quality fennel fruit and EOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic and bio-fertilizer resources can produce high-quality fennel fruit and EO”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.