Abstract
Abstract The study investigated the effect of organic/biofertilizers in intercropping patterns on seed yield and yield components and essential oil, fatty acid, and phenolic compounds of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare L.) and fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Experimental treatments included the application of humic acid (HA), biofertilizers (BFS), and the unfertilized control in five planting patterns [1 row fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (1F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 4 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:4FG), and sole cropping of each species]. Sole cropping with BFS produced the highest seed yields for fennel (2233 kg ha −1 ) and fenugreek (1240 kg ha –1 ). In contrast, the 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS yielded the maximum fixed oil content for fennel (17.4%) and fenugreek (8.3%). Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS produced the maximum essential oil constituents [( E )-anethole, estragole, and fenchone] in fennel. In addition, 2F:4FG with BFS and 1F:1FG with HA produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentration in both species. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, in fennel. In contrast, the 2F:4FG intercropping ratio with HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents in fenugreek. Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Sole cropping with biofertilizers gave the highest fennel seed yield, 2233 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- fennel
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculume0 - Treatment
- Sole cropping with BFSe0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2233 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Sole cropping with BFS produced the highest seed yields for fennel (2233 kg ha −1 ) and fenugreek (1240 kg ha –1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole cropping with biofertilizers gave the highest fenugreek seed yield, 1240 kg ha –1.
- Taxon
- fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecume0 - Treatment
- Sole cropping with BFSe0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1240 kg ha –1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole cropping with BFS produced the highest seed yields for fennel (2233 kg ha −1 ) and fenugreek (1240 kg ha –1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:2FG pattern with biofertilizers maximized fennel fixed oil content at 17.4%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFSe0
- Outcome
- fixed oil contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 17.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS yielded the maximum fixed oil content for fennel (17.4%) and fenugreek (8.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:2FG pattern with biofertilizers maximized fenugreek fixed oil content at 8.3%.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFSe0
- Outcome
- fixed oil contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 8.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS yielded the maximum fixed oil content for fennel (17.4%) and fenugreek (8.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid enhanced fennel oil yield by 66%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers enhanced fennel oil yield by 75%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid enhanced fenugreek oil yield by 40%.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- HAe0
- Outcome
- oil yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers enhanced fenugreek oil yield by 57%.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- BFSe0
- Outcome
- oil yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:2FG ratio with biofertilizers maximized three fennel essential oil constituents.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFSe0
- Outcome
- essential oil constituents [( E )-anethole, estragole, and fenchone]e0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS produced the maximum essential oil constituents [( E )-anethole, estragole, and fenchone] in fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:4FG pattern with biofertilizers gave the highest unsaturated fatty acid concentration in fennel and fenugreek.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume1
- Treatment
- 2F:4FG with BFSe0
- Outcome
- unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2F:4FG with BFS and 1F:1FG with HA produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentration in both species”
e1“fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare L.) and fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1F:1FG pattern with humic acid gave the highest unsaturated fatty acid concentration in fenugreek.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- 1F:1FG with HAe0
- Outcome
- unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2F:4FG with BFS and 1F:1FG with HA produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentration in both species”
e1“fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare L.) and fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:2FG ratio with biofertilizers gave the highest fennel chlorogenic acid content.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFSe0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, in fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:2FG ratio with humic acid gave the highest fennel quercetin content.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HAe0
- Outcome
- quercetin contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, in fennel”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2F:4FG ratio with humic acid gave the highest fenugreek chlorogenic and caffeic acid contents.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 2F:4FG intercropping ratio with HAe0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2F:4FG intercropping ratio with HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents in fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with biofertilizers or humic acid improved fennel essential oil content compared with sole cropping.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HAe0
- Outcome
- essential oil contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under low-input conditionse0
- Comparator
- sole cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with biofertilizers or humic acid improved fennel fixed oil quality and quantity and phenolic compounds relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Treatment
- Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HAe0
- Outcome
- fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- sole cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with biofertilizers or humic acid improved fenugreek fixed oil quality and quantity and phenolic compounds relative to sole cropping.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HAe0
- Outcome
- fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- sole cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that intercropping with biofertilizers or humic acid created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping under low-input conditions.
- Taxon
- fennel/fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- more sustainable cultivation systeme0
- Comparator
- sole cropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions”
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other · quality: oil · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Positive and negative results
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See all 41 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.