Abstract
This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and yield of maize in the presence or absence of tillage. The two-year field experiment was conducted in Kanagawa, Japan. Firstly, we investigated whether the presence of indigenous AMF communities in the roots, as determined by amplicon sequencing analysis, contributed to maize growth in Experiment 1, a 2-year field-based study. The findings revealed that the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage. The AMF communities colonizing maize roots were altered by the presence or absence of tillage; specifically, tillage increased the dominance of the Gigasporaceae, whereas no tillage increased the dominance of the Acaulosporaceae. Based on these findings, we confirmed whether the inoculation of similar AMF strains, as analyzed in the field study of tillage practices on maize roots, produces growth-promoting effects for maize growth in a controlled pot experiment consistent with the results of the field experiment. For experiment 2, Dentiscutata cerradensis TK-1, Cetraspora pellucida SZ-3 (Gigasporaceae), Acaulospora morrowiae AP-5, and A. longula F-1 (Acaulosporaceae) were inoculated as AMF inocula for a pot experiment. The results showed that aboveground biomass did not change with any inoculum compared to the control. The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control. However, inoculation with A. morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1 did not change P concentrations from the control. This indicates that D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 are more effective in promoting P uptake in maize than in A morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1. Based on field and pot experiments, our findings suggest that tillage practices lead to alterations in the AMF communities that colonize the roots, and this shift may also contribute to changes in P uptake and crop growth.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage increased maize P uptake compared with no tillage.
- Treatment
- rotary tillagee1
- Outcome
- P uptakee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- no tillagee1
- Setting
- Kanagawa, Japane0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two-year field experiment was conducted in Kanagawa, Japan”
e1“the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotary tillage increased maize growth at the six-leaves collar stage and yield compared with no tillage.
- Treatment
- rotary tillagee1
- Outcome
- growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- no tillagee1
- Setting
- Kanagawa, Japane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two-year field experiment was conducted in Kanagawa, Japan”
e1“the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage increased the dominance of Gigasporaceae AMF on maize roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- tillagee2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- dominance of the Gigasporaceaee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- no tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage”
e2“The AMF communities colonizing maize roots were altered by the presence or absence of tillage; specifically, tillage increased the dominance of the Gigasporaceae, whereas no tillage increased the dominance of the Acaulosporaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage increased the dominance of Acaulosporaceae AMF on maize roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- no tillagee2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- dominance of the Acaulosporaceaee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage”
e2“The AMF communities colonizing maize roots were altered by the presence or absence of tillage; specifically, tillage increased the dominance of the Gigasporaceae, whereas no tillage increased the dominance of the Acaulosporaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with AMF did not change aboveground biomass of maize in pots.
- Treatment
- any inoculume3
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse3
- Direction
- did not changee3
- Comparator
- the controle3
- Setting
- controlled pot experimente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The results showed that aboveground biomass did not change with any inoculum compared to the control”
e5“produces growth-promoting effects for maize growth in a controlled pot experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with D. cerradensis TK-1 increased maize P concentration compared with the control.
- Treatment
- D. cerradensis TK-1e4
- Interactor
- D. cerradensis TK-1Dentiscutata cerradensise4symbiont
- Outcome
- P concentratione4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with C. pellucida SZ-3 increased maize P concentration compared with the control.
- Treatment
- C. pellucida SZ-3e4
- Interactor
- C. pellucida SZ-3Cetraspora pellucidae4symbiont
- Outcome
- P concentratione4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. morrowiae AP-5 did not change maize P concentration from the control.
- Treatment
- A. morrowiae AP-5e6
- Interactor
- A. morrowiae AP-5Acaulospora morrowiaee6symbiont
- Outcome
- P concentrationse6
- Direction
- did not changee6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control”
e6“However, inoculation with A. morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1 did not change P concentrations from the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. longula F-1 did not change maize P concentration from the control.
- Treatment
- A. longula F-1e6
- Interactor
- A. longula F-1Acaulospora longulae6symbiont
- Outcome
- P concentrationse6
- Direction
- did not changee6
- Comparator
- the controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The P concentration in maize was higher for D. cerradensis TK-1 and C. pellucida SZ-3 inoculation than for the control”
e6“However, inoculation with A. morrowiae AP-5 and A. longula F-1 did not change P concentrations from the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage-driven shifts in AMF communities may contribute to changes in maize P uptake and crop growth.
- Treatment
- tillage practicese7
- Outcome
- P uptake and crop growthe7
- Qualifier
- alterations in the AMF communities that colonize the rootse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the maize (Zea mays L.) in rotary tillage had higher P uptake, growth at the six-leaves collar stage, and yield, compared to no tillage”
e7“tillage practices lead to alterations in the AMF communities that colonize the roots, and this shift may also contribute to changes in P uptake and crop growth”
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