Abstract
Abstract In recent years, scientists have become concerned that heavy farm equipment is causing soil compaction below the nominal depth of tillage. Compaction this deep may not be ameliorated after one season's freeze‐thaw and wet‐dry cycles. Experiments were conducted on a Kewaunee (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) and Rozetta (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soil to determine the duration and effect of subsoil compaction on soil strength and corn ( Zea mays L.) growth. Soil at two sites was compacted with 8 and 12.5 Mg axle loads in the spring of 1983. Cone‐penetration resistance of compacted soil was significantly higher than that of uncompacted soil below the plow zone. Plant heights, at physiological maturity averaged across both sites, were reduced 13 and 26% on the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compaction treatments, respectively, compared with the control in 1983. In 1984, average mature plant heights were 2.4, 2.3, and 2.3 m for the control, 8‐, and 12.5‐Mg compaction, respectively. Three years after the compaction was applied (1986), the average mature plant height for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compacted sites were reduced 3.1 and 4.3% compared with the control. Nitrogen and K uptake was reduced by compaction. Iron, Al, and Mn uptake increased with increasing levels of compaction on the Kewaunee soil in 1983. In 1983, yields for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg treatments on the Rozetta soil were reduced 4 and 14%, respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, yields for the Kewaunee soil were reduced 14 and 43%. Yields for the Kewaunee soil were not reduced by compaction in 1984, although 5 and 9% reductions were observed at the Rozetta site. Yields were not affected the following 2 yr (1985 and 1986), whereas the resistance to cone penetration was significantly higher in the compacted plots compared with the control.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Compacted soil had significantly greater cone penetration resistance below the plow zone.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Cone‐penetration resistance of compacted soil was significantly higher than that of uncompacted soil below the plow zone.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 8 Mg compaction reduced mature corn height by 13% in 1983.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- 8‐e0
- Outcome
- Plant heightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13e0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant heights, at physiological maturity averaged across both sites, were reduced 13 and 26% on the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compaction treatments, respectively, compared with the control in 1983.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 12.5 Mg compaction reduced mature corn height by 26% in 1983.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 12.5‐Mg compactione0
- Outcome
- Plant heightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- 1983e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant heights, at physiological maturity averaged across both sites, were reduced 13 and 26% on the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compaction treatments, respectively, compared with the control in 1983.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature heights in 1984 were 2.4 m in controls, 2.3 m at 8 Mg, and 2.3 m at 12.5 Mg.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- average mature plant heightse0
- Value
- 2.4, 2.3, and 2.3 me0
- Qualifier
- 1984e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1984, average mature plant heights were 2.4, 2.3, and 2.3 m for the control, 8‐, and 12.5‐Mg compaction, respectively.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At 8 Mg, mature corn height remained 3.1% lower than control in 1986.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 8‐e0
- Outcome
- average mature plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3.1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three years after the compaction was applied (1986), the average mature plant height for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compacted sites were reduced 3.1 and 4.3% compared with the control.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At 12.5 Mg, mature corn height remained 4.3% lower than control in 1986.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 12.5‐Mge0
- Outcome
- average mature plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4.3%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three years after the compaction was applied (1986), the average mature plant height for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg compacted sites were reduced 3.1 and 4.3% compared with the control.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction reduced nitrogen and potassium uptake.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- compactione0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen and K uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen and K uptake was reduced by compaction.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing compaction increased iron, aluminum and manganese uptake on Kewaunee soil in 1983.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- increasing levels of compactione0
- Outcome
- Iron, Al, and Mn uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Kewaunee soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron, Al, and Mn uptake increased with increasing levels of compaction on the Kewaunee soil in 1983.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 8 Mg treatment reduced Rozetta corn yield by 4% in 1983.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 8‐e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Rozetta soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1983, yields for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg treatments on the Rozetta soil were reduced 4 and 14%, respectively, relative to the control.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 12.5 Mg treatment reduced Rozetta corn yield by 14% in 1983.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 12.5‐Mg treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
- Setting
- Rozetta soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1983, yields for the 8‐ and 12.5‐Mg treatments on the Rozetta soil were reduced 4 and 14%, respectively, relative to the control.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 8 Mg treatment reduced Kewaunee corn yield by 14% in 1983.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, yields for the Kewaunee soil were reduced 14 and 43%.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The 12.5 Mg treatment reduced Kewaunee corn yield by 43% in 1983.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, yields for the Kewaunee soil were reduced 14 and 43%.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Kewaunee corn yield was not reduced by compaction in 1984.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- compactione0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- not reducede0
- Setting
- Kewaunee soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields for the Kewaunee soil were not reduced by compaction in 1984”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Rozetta corn yield showed a 5% reduction under 8 Mg compaction in 1984.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 5e0
- Setting
- Rozetta sitee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although 5 and 9% reductions were observed at the Rozetta site.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Rozetta corn yield showed a 9% reduction under 12.5 Mg compaction in 1984.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Setting
- Rozetta sitee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although 5 and 9% reductions were observed at the Rozetta site.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yields were unaffected by compaction in 1985 and 1986.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- 1985 and 1986e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields were not affected the following 2 yr (1985 and 1986)”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cone penetration resistance remained significantly higher in compacted plots in 1985 and 1986.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the resistance to cone penetration was significantly higher in the compacted plots compared with the control.”
e1“corn ( Zea mays L.) growth”
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