Abstract
Apical hooks are functional innovations only observed in angiosperms, which effectively protect the apical meristems out of damage during plant seedlings penetrating soil covers. Acetyltransferase like protein HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) in Arabidopsis thaliana is required for hook formation. However, the origin and evolution of HLS1 in plants are still not solved. Here, we traced the evolution of HLS1 and found that HLS1 originated in embryophytes. Moreover, we found that Arabidopsis HLS1 delayed plant flowering time, in addition to their well-known functions in apical hook development and newly reported roles in thermomorphogenesis. We further revealed that HLS1 interacted with transcription factor CO and repressed the expression of FT to delay flowering. Lastly, we compared the functional divergence of HLS1 among eudicot (A. thaliana), bryophytes (Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha) and lycophyte (Selaginella moellendorffii). Although HLS1 from these bryophytes and lycophyte partially rescued the thermomorphogenesis defects in hls1-1 mutants, the apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypes could not be reversed by either P. patens, M. polymorpha or S. moellendorffii orthologs. These results illustrate that HLS1 proteins from bryophytes or lycophyte are able to modulate thermomorphogenesis phenotypes in A. thaliana likely through a conserved gene regulatory network. Our findings shed new light on the understanding of the functional diversity and origin of HLS1, which controls the most attractive innovations in angiosperms.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
HLS1 originated in embryophytes.
Verbatim
e0“HLS1 originated in embryophytes”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis HLS1 delayed flowering.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Gene
- HLS1e0
- Outcome
- plant flowering timee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis HLS1 delayed plant flowering time”
Claim · model-written summary
HLS1 interacted with CO and repressed FT expression to delay flowering.
- Gene
- HLS1e0
- Outcome
- delay floweringe0
- Qualifier
- interacted with transcription factor CO and repressed the expression of FTe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“HLS1 interacted with transcription factor CO and repressed the expression of FT to delay flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Bryophyte and lycophyte HLS1 partly rescued thermomorphogenesis defects.
Verbatim
e0“HLS1 from these bryophytes and lycophyte partially rescued the thermomorphogenesis defects in hls1-1 mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
P. patens HLS1 did not rescue apical-hook defects or early flowering.
- Taxon
- P. patens
Physcomitrium patense0 - Treatment
- P. patense0
- Outcome
- apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypese0
- Direction
- could not be reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypes could not be reversed by either P. patens, M. polymorpha or S. moellendorffii orthologs”
Claim · model-written summary
M. polymorpha HLS1 did not rescue apical-hook defects or early flowering.
- Taxon
- M. polymorpha
Marchantia polymorphae0 - Treatment
- M. polymorphae0
- Outcome
- apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypese0
- Direction
- could not be reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypes could not be reversed by either P. patens, M. polymorpha or S. moellendorffii orthologs”
Claim · model-written summary
S. moellendorffii HLS1 did not rescue apical-hook defects or early flowering.
- Taxon
- S. moellendorffii
Selaginella moellendorffiie0 - Treatment
- S. moellendorffiie0
- Outcome
- apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypese0
- Direction
- could not be reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the apical hook defects and early flowering phenotypes could not be reversed by either P. patens, M. polymorpha or S. moellendorffii orthologs”