Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of fungal contamination and total aflatoxins levels in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grains harvested in the Southern Mozambique. Moisture content, fungi infection and levels of total aflatoxins (TAflt) were assessed. Moisture content was determined by the low temperature electric oven method. Fungal rate was analyzed using the blotter test method. ELISA test was used for the quantification of total aflatoxins levels. The observed moisture content was within the limits considered safe for groundnut storage (10%). The identified fungi were of the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium sp., Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were the most prevalent species. The fungi reported in this study are associated with the production of at least three important mycotoxins, namely: Aflatoxin, Fumonisin and Ochratoxin. About 83% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with TAflt, of which 38% below and 45% above the maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb). Gaza province registered the highest percentage of samples with TAflt above the codex maximum tolerable limit (10 ppb) ranging from 63% to 75%, while Inhambane province leaded the sample within the safety range (bellow 10 ppb). The risk factor was further elucidated with the average PDI values which ranged from 1.21 to 15.73 ng/kg Bw/day. The high prevalence of aflatoxigenic fungi detected suggests that if storage conditions deteriorate, aflatoxin levels may increase, leading to acute or chronic intoxication of the consumers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Observed moisture content of groundnut grains was within the limits considered safe for storage (10%).
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Outcome
- moisture contente1
- Value
- 10%e1
- Qualifier
- within the limits considered safe for groundnut storagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e1“The observed moisture content was within the limits considered safe for groundnut storage (10%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The identified fungi on groundnut grains were of eight genera, including Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=60)
Rhizopus
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Cladosporium
Fusarium
Alternaria
Macrophomina.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae2pathogen - Outcome
- identified fungie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e2“The identified fungi were of the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia and Rhizopus”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium sp., Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were the most prevalent fungi on groundnut grains.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium sp., Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum
Rhizopus stolonifer
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus nigerPenicillium sp._(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporumFusarium verticillioidese3pathogen - Outcome
- most prevalent speciese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e3“Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium sp., Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were the most prevalent species”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungi found on groundnut grains are associated with the production of at least three mycotoxins: aflatoxin, fumonisin and ochratoxin.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Compound
- Aflatoxin, Fumonisin and Ochratoxine4
- Outcome
- production of at least three important mycotoxinse4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e4“The fungi reported in this study are associated with the production of at least three important mycotoxins, namely: Aflatoxin, Fumonisin and Ochratoxin”
Claim · model-written summary
About 83% of the analyzed groundnut samples were contaminated with total aflatoxins (TAflt).
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- contaminated with TAflte5
- Value
- 83%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e5“About 83% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with TAflt, of which 38% below and 45% above the maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the analyzed samples, 45% had total aflatoxins above the Codex maximum allowable limit of 10 ppb.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- TAflte5
- Direction
- abovee5
- Value
- 45%e5
- Comparator
- maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e5“About 83% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with TAflt, of which 38% below and 45% above the maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the analyzed samples, 38% had total aflatoxins below the Codex maximum allowable limit of 10 ppb.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- TAflte5
- Direction
- belowe5
- Value
- 38%e5
- Comparator
- maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e5“About 83% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with TAflt, of which 38% below and 45% above the maximum allowable limit according to the Codex alimentarius (10 ppb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Gaza province had the highest percentage of samples with TAflt above the Codex limit, 63% to 75%.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- percentage of samples with TAflt above the codex maximum tolerable limite6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 63% to 75%e6
- Setting
- Gaza provincee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e6“Gaza province registered the highest percentage of samples with TAflt above the codex maximum tolerable limit (10 ppb) ranging from 63% to 75%”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhambane province had the samples within the safety range, below 10 ppb.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- within the safety rangee7
- Direction
- leadede7
- Value
- bellow 10 ppbe7
- Setting
- Inhambane provincee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e7“while Inhambane province leaded the sample within the safety range (bellow 10 ppb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average PDI values of total aflatoxin intake from groundnut ranged from 1.21 to 15.73 ng/kg Bw/day.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- average PDI valuese1
- Value
- 1.21 to 15.73 ng/kg Bw/daye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e1“The risk factor was further elucidated with the average PDI values which ranged from 1.21 to 15.73 ng/kg Bw/day”
Claim · model-written summary
If storage conditions deteriorate, aflatoxin levels in groundnut may increase, leading to intoxication of consumers.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- if storage conditions deterioratee1
- Interactor
- aflatoxigenic fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- aflatoxin levelse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)”
e1“The high prevalence of aflatoxigenic fungi detected suggests that if storage conditions deteriorate, aflatoxin levels may increase, leading to acute or chronic intoxication of the consumers”