Abstract
To alleviate the salinity and drought stresses faced in agricultural production, and to improve crop water use efficiency (WUE) in drought-prone regions, novel management strategies are needed. The combination of biochar amendment and reduced irrigation regimes could mitigate the negative effects of salinity and drought stresses and improve WUE of cotton plants. A split-root pot trial was performed in order to investigate the effects of two biochar amendments [wheat straw pellets biochar (WSP) and soft wood pellets biochar (SWP)] combined with three irrigation schemes [full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI), and partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRD)] on the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels [0 mM NaCl (S0) and 200 mM NaCl (S1)]. The results showed that salt stress depressed plant growth and physiology, and reduced seed cotton yield and lint yield by 19.33–47.22% and 40.43–58.81%, respectively. However, the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1, respectively, and also increased lint ginning out turn (GOT), harvest index (HI), WUE at plant and yield level (WUEp and WUEy) by 0.21%–28.69%, 5.07%–14.39%, −0.30%–15.71% and 5.83%–32.44%, respectively. Moreover, WSP was superior to SWP in terms of improving plant growth and yield. PRD showed better growth and physiological effects than DI, especially WUEp and WUEy were 6.88%–13.73% and 9.16%–22.78% greater under PRD than under DI. The combined application of biochar and PRD counteracted the decrease in WUE caused by biochar application alone under S0. Collectively, WSP combined with PRD could be a promising strategy in sustainable cotton production under drought and salinity stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced seed cotton yield by 19.33–47.22 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plants
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 19.33–47.22%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e1“salt stress depressed plant growth and physiology, and reduced seed cotton yield and lint yield by 19.33–47.22% and 40.43–58.81%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced lint yield by 40.43–58.81 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- lint yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 40.43–58.81%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e1“salt stress depressed plant growth and physiology, and reduced seed cotton yield and lint yield by 19.33–47.22% and 40.43–58.81%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress depressed plant growth and physiology.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- plant growth and physiologye1
- Direction
- depressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e1“salt stress depressed plant growth and physiology, and reduced seed cotton yield and lint yield by 19.33–47.22% and 40.43–58.81%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased the boll dry biomass allocation ratio under S1 by 3.85–12.54 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- bolle2
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- plant dry biomass allocation ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 3.85%–12.54%e2
- Qualifier
- under S1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased the seed cotton dry biomass allocation ratio under S1 by 5.07–14.39 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- seed cottone2
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- plant dry biomass allocation ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 5.07%–14.39%e2
- Qualifier
- under S1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased the lint cotton dry biomass allocation ratio under S1 by 9.78–46.62 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- lint cottone2
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- plant dry biomass allocation ratioe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 9.78%–46.62%e2
- Qualifier
- under S1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased lint ginning out turn by 0.21–28.69 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- lint ginning out turn (GOT)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 0.21%–28.69%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
e3“also increased lint ginning out turn (GOT), harvest index (HI), WUE at plant and yield level (WUEp and WUEy) by 0.21%–28.69%, 5.07%–14.39%, −0.30%–15.71% and 5.83%–32.44%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased harvest index by 5.07–14.39 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- harvest index (HI)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 5.07%–14.39%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
e3“also increased lint ginning out turn (GOT), harvest index (HI), WUE at plant and yield level (WUEp and WUEy) by 0.21%–28.69%, 5.07%–14.39%, −0.30%–15.71% and 5.83%–32.44%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment changed WUEp by −0.30–15.71 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- WUEpe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- −0.30%–15.71%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
e3“also increased lint ginning out turn (GOT), harvest index (HI), WUE at plant and yield level (WUEp and WUEy) by 0.21%–28.69%, 5.07%–14.39%, −0.30%–15.71% and 5.83%–32.44%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendment increased WUEy by 5.83–32.44 %.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente2
- Outcome
- WUEye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 5.83%–32.44%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e2“the biochar amendment alleviated salt stress and increased plant dry biomass allocation ratio by 3.85%–12.54%, 5.07%–14.39% and 9.78%–46.62% in boll, seed cotton and lint cotton under S1”
e3“also increased lint ginning out turn (GOT), harvest index (HI), WUE at plant and yield level (WUEp and WUEy) by 0.21%–28.69%, 5.07%–14.39%, −0.30%–15.71% and 5.83%–32.44%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
WSP biochar was superior to SWP biochar in improving plant growth and yield.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- WSPe4
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde4
- Direction
- superiore4
- Comparator
- SWPe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e4“Moreover, WSP was superior to SWP in terms of improving plant growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
PRD irrigation showed better growth and physiological effects than DI.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- PRDe5
- Outcome
- growth and physiological effectse5
- Direction
- bettere5
- Comparator
- DIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e5“PRD showed better growth and physiological effects than DI”
Claim · model-written summary
WUEp was 6.88–13.73 % greater under PRD than under DI.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- PRDe6
- Outcome
- WUEpe6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Value
- 6.88%–13.73%e6
- Comparator
- DIe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e6“especially WUEp and WUEy were 6.88%–13.73% and 9.16%–22.78% greater under PRD than under DI”
Claim · model-written summary
WUEy was 9.16–22.78 % greater under PRD than under DI.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- PRDe6
- Outcome
- WUEye6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Value
- 9.16%–22.78%e6
- Comparator
- DIe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e6“especially WUEp and WUEy were 6.88%–13.73% and 9.16%–22.78% greater under PRD than under DI”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and PRD counteracted the decrease in WUE caused by biochar alone under S0.
- Taxon
- cotton plantsGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- combined application of biochar and PRDe7
- Outcome
- the decrease in WUEe7
- Direction
- counteractede7
- Qualifier
- under S0e7
- Comparator
- biochar application alonee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e7“The combined application of biochar and PRD counteracted the decrease in WUE caused by biochar application alone under S0”
Claim · model-written summary
WSP combined with PRD could be a promising strategy for sustainable cotton production under drought and salinity stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Outcome
- sustainable cotton productione1
- Qualifier
- WSP combined with PRDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth, physiology and WUE of cotton plants under two salinity levels”
e1“WSP combined with PRD could be a promising strategy in sustainable cotton production under drought and salinity stress”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.