Abstract
Abstract With increasing organic acreage and scrutiny of antibiotics use, alternatives to antibiotics for the control of Erwinia amylovora are of interest to stakeholders. At the same time failures of minimally tested, newly marketed products have resulted in severe infections leading to costly tree and orchard removal. We evaluated antibiotic alternatives in 8 Washington, 3 Oregon, 3 New York and 2 Pennsylvania field experiments conducted 2013 to 2022. Antibiotic alternatives included essential oils (thyme and cinnamon extracts), mineral compounds (potassium aluminum sulfate), oxidizers (peracetic acid-peroxide), soluble coppers (copper octanoate, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate pentahydrate), and biological controls ( Aureobasidium pullulans , Bacillus subtilis , bacteriophage). Studies were conducted in ‘Bartlett’ and ‘dAnjou’ pear, ‘Gala’, ‘Cameo,‘ and ‘Red Delicious’ apple with 4 to 6 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized complete block inoculated with E. amylovora at 80–100% bloom. In summary analysis of 8 Washington trials Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), Blossom Protect ( A. pullulans ) and several copper products (Previsto, Mastercop, Instill) provided good disease suppression of 70–73% similar to antibiotic checks. Several essential oil, copper, and peracetic acid-peroxide and biological products (Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control. In multistate trials Alum with 2–3 applications provided good control in most experiments (means 2019: WA 79%, NY 77%, PA 57%; 2020: OR 86%, NY 65%, WA 28%; 2021: NY 87%, WA 50%). Essential oils with 3–4 applications provided intermediate control NY 2021 81% control 23% thyme oil, 70–85% control NY 2020, 2021 60% cinnamon oil.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Alum suppressed disease by 70–73% in Washington trials, similar to antibiotic checks.
- Taxon
- apple and pear
Malus domestica_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communist0 - Treatment
- Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate)e0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Value
- 70–73%e0
- Comparator
- antibiotic checkse0
- Setting
- Washingtone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In summary analysis of 8 Washington trials Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), Blossom Protect ( A. pullulans ) and several copper products (Previsto, Mastercop, Instill) provided good disease suppression of 70–73% similar to antibiotic checks”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Blossom Protect suppressed disease by 70–73% in Washington trials.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Blossom Protect ( A. pullulans )e0
- Interactor
- A. pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Value
- 70–73%e0
- Comparator
- antibiotic checkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blossom Protect ( A. pullulans ) and several copper products (Previsto, Mastercop, Instill) provided good disease suppression of 70–73% similar to antibiotic checks”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Several copper products suppressed disease by 70–73% in Washington trials.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- several copper products (Previsto, Mastercop, Instill)e0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- suppressione0
- Value
- 70–73%e0
- Comparator
- antibiotic checkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several copper products (Previsto, Mastercop, Instill) provided good disease suppression of 70–73% similar to antibiotic checks”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Serenade Opti gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Serenade Optie0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Cueva gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Cuevae0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidate 5.0 gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Oxidate 5.0e0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Jet Ag gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Jet Age0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme Guard gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Thyme Guarde0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymox gave intermediate suppression of 45–62%, significantly better than water control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Thymoxe0
- Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 45 and 62%e0
- Comparator
- water-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serenade Opti, Cueva, Oxidate 5.0, Jet Ag, Thyme Guard and Thymox) provided intermediate disease suppression between 45 and 62% significantly better than the water-treated control”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Two to three Alum applications controlled disease in most multistate experiments.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Alum with 2–3 applicationse0
- Outcome
- good controle0
- Direction
- good controle0
- Qualifier
- most experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alum with 2–3 applications provided good control in most experiments (means 2019: WA 79%, NY 77%, PA 57%; 2020: OR 86%, NY 65%, WA 28%; 2021: NY 87%, WA 50%)”
t0“apple and pear”
Claim · model-written summary
Three to four essential-oil applications provided intermediate control.
- Taxon
- apple and pearMalus domesticaPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- Essential oils with 3–4 applicationse0
- Outcome
- intermediate controle0
- Direction
- intermediate controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oils with 3–4 applications provided intermediate control NY 2021 81% control 23% thyme oil, 70–85% control NY 2020, 2021 60% cinnamon oil”
t0“apple and pear”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · control · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.