Abstract
Abstract In vitro experiments showed that ammonium bicarbonate and aqueous extracts of oregano were effective in inhibiting conidia germination and germ‐tube elongation of Venturia inaequalis . Complete inhibition was achieved by 1% ammonium bicarbonate, 2% oregano extract and 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazole. Two orchard experiments were conducted on the highly susceptible cv. Mutsu to apple scab to investigate the efficacy of ammonium bicarbonate alone or in combination with an aqueous extract of oregano for the control of apple scab. In 2008 and 2009, except for the applications of 1% aqueous extract of oregano, the applications of ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%) and difenoconazole (0.01%) to trees at 10‐day intervals significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared to the water‐treated control. In both years, the efficacy of 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate in inhibiting both disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit was equally effective in all monthly assessments from June to September. Combining 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate with 1% aqueous extract of oregano did not significantly improve the efficacy of stand‐alone applications of treatments in the final assessment in 2008 and 2009. All treatments were neither phytotoxic to leaves and fruit nor did they adversely affect quality parameters of fruit including physiological disorders and taste both at harvest and after storage. These results indicate that ammonium bicarbonate treatment may be applied as an alternative chemical for the control of apple scab.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
1% ammonium bicarbonate completely inhibited conidia germination of Venturia inaequalis in vitro.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- 1% ammonium bicarbonatee2
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise1pathogen - Outcome
- conidia germinatione1
- Qualifier
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e1“In vitro experiments showed that ammonium bicarbonate and aqueous extracts of oregano were effective in inhibiting conidia germination and germ‐tube elongation of Venturia inaequalis”
e2“Complete inhibition was achieved by 1% ammonium bicarbonate, 2% oregano extract and 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazole”
Claim · model-written summary
2% oregano extract completely inhibited conidia germination of Venturia inaequalis in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2% oregano extracte2
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- conidia germinatione1
- Qualifier
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e1“In vitro experiments showed that ammonium bicarbonate and aqueous extracts of oregano were effective in inhibiting conidia germination and germ‐tube elongation of Venturia inaequalis”
e2“Complete inhibition was achieved by 1% ammonium bicarbonate, 2% oregano extract and 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazole”
Claim · model-written summary
0.01% difenoconazole completely inhibited conidia germination of Venturia inaequalis in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazolee2
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise1pathogen
- Outcome
- conidia germinatione1
- Qualifier
- In vitroe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e1“In vitro experiments showed that ammonium bicarbonate and aqueous extracts of oregano were effective in inhibiting conidia germination and germ‐tube elongation of Venturia inaequalis”
e2“Complete inhibition was achieved by 1% ammonium bicarbonate, 2% oregano extract and 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazole”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%) significantly reduced apple scab incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared with the water-treated control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%)e3
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruite3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e3“the applications of ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%) and difenoconazole (0.01%) to trees at 10‐day intervals significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared to the water‐treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole (0.01%) significantly reduced apple scab incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared with the water-treated control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- difenoconazole (0.01%)e3
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruite3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e3“the applications of ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%) and difenoconazole (0.01%) to trees at 10‐day intervals significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared to the water‐treated control”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate were equally effective in inhibiting disease incidence and severity in all monthly assessments from June to September.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonatee4
- Outcome
- inhibiting both disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruite4
- Direction
- equally effectivee4
- Qualifier
- in all monthly assessments from June to Septembere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e4“the efficacy of 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate in inhibiting both disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit was equally effective in all monthly assessments from June to September”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate with 1% aqueous oregano extract did not significantly improve efficacy over stand-alone applications in 2008 and 2009.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Combining 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate with 1% aqueous extract of oreganoe5
- Outcome
- efficacye5
- Direction
- did not significantly improvee5
- Comparator
- applications of treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e5“Combining 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate with 1% aqueous extract of oregano did not significantly improve the efficacy of stand‐alone applications of treatments in the final assessment in 2008 and 2009”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments were neither phytotoxic to leaves and fruit nor adversely affected fruit quality parameters.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse6
- Outcome
- quality parameters of fruite6
- Qualifier
- neither phytotoxic to leaves and fruit nor did they adversely affecte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e6“All treatments were neither phytotoxic to leaves and fruit nor did they adversely affect quality parameters of fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium bicarbonate treatment may be applied as an alternative chemical for controlling apple scab.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ammonium bicarbonate treatmente7
- Outcome
- control of apple scabe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Control of Apple Scab”
e7“ammonium bicarbonate treatment may be applied as an alternative chemical for the control of apple scab”
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