Abstract
Abstract Rice has a high water requirement, but water use efficiency (WUE) in rice has always been low, and the status of rice WUE and the factors influencing it in various countries around the world is currently unclear. Therefore, this paper collected 56 articles from 2000 to 2022, through which WUE data from different countries and different provinces in China were collated, and the effects of various water‐saving irrigation technologies on WUE of rice and irrigation water use were analysed using the method of Meta‐analysis. The results of this paper show that rice WUE is low in most countries, with the lowest WUE of 0.28 kg/m 3 in Thailand and the highest WUE of 1.25 kg/m 3 in Bangladesh among the countries included in this study, and flood irrigation is used in most countries. Compared to flood irrigation, all water‐saving irrigation involved can increase rice WUE and reduce irrigation water input, alternate wet and dry irrigation (W1), and controlled irrigation (W2) were able to increase the WUE of rice by 49.86%, 84.74%, and reduce the irrigation water input by 36.55%, 39.55% respectively. Among the six types of water‐saving irrigation input, dry cultivation (W3) had the most significant effect on increasing WUE and reducing irrigation water, reaching 2.02 times and 67.53%, respectively. Based on the annual rainfall (R) and the application of water‐saving irrigation in Asia, sub‐regionally applicable water‐saving irrigation technologies are recommended. W3 is recommended when R <200 mm, W2 is recommended when 200 mm < R < 800 mm, and W1/W2/shallow alternate wet and dry irrigation (W5) is recommended when R >800 mm. According to the data collected in this paper, W1, W2, W3, and W5 can save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 , 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 , 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 , 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 of irrigation water, respectively. Based on the calculations in this paper, different water‐saving irrigation techniques can save 3.50 × 10 11 m 3 of water in Asia according to the recommendations. To promote water‐saving irrigation technology, countries need to formulate policies to ensure the development of water‐saving irrigation technology, raise farmers' awareness of water conservation, and provide training and financial support. Promoting the use of different water‐saving irrigation technologies for different regions can significantly reduce irrigation water and increase the WUE of rice, which is important in addressing the challenges of global water scarcity.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Rice WUE was lowest in Thailand at 0.28 kg/m 3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest WUE of 0.28 kg/m 3 in Thailand”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice WUE was highest in Bangladesh at 1.25 kg/m 3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest WUE of 1.25 kg/m 3 in Bangladesh”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Most included countries used flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- flood irrigation is usede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flood irrigation is used in most countries”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet and dry irrigation increased rice WUE by 49.86% versus flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- alternate wet and dry irrigation (W1)e0
- Outcome
- WUE of ricee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 49.86%e0
- Comparator
- flood irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alternate wet and dry irrigation (W1), and controlled irrigation (W2) were able to increase the WUE of rice by 49.86%, 84.74%”
e1“Compared to flood irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation increased rice WUE by 84.74% versus flood irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- controlled irrigation (W2)e0
- Outcome
- WUE of ricee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 84.74%e0
- Comparator
- flood irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlled irrigation (W2) were able to increase the WUE of rice by 49.86%, 84.74%”
e1“Compared to flood irrigation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet and dry irrigation reduced irrigation water input by 36.55%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- alternate wet and dry irrigation (W1)e1
- Outcome
- irrigation water inpute0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 36.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce the irrigation water input by 36.55%, 39.55% respectively”
e1“alternate wet and dry irrigation (W1)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation reduced irrigation water input by 39.55%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- controlled irrigation (W2)e1
- Outcome
- irrigation water inpute0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 39.55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce the irrigation water input by 36.55%, 39.55% respectively”
e1“controlled irrigation (W2)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry cultivation increased rice WUE 2.02 times.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dry cultivation (W3)e0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 2.02 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry cultivation (W3) had the most significant effect on increasing WUE and reducing irrigation water, reaching 2.02 times and 67.53%”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry cultivation reduced irrigation water by 67.53%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- dry cultivation (W3)e0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 67.53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry cultivation (W3) had the most significant effect on increasing WUE and reducing irrigation water, reaching 2.02 times and 67.53%”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W3 is recommended where annual rainfall is below 200 mm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- W3 is recommendede0
- Qualifier
- R <200 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W3 is recommended when R <200 mm”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W2 is recommended where annual rainfall is between 200 and 800 mm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- W2 is recommendede0
- Qualifier
- 200 mm < R < 800 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2 is recommended when 200 mm < R < 800 mm”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W1, W2 or W5 is recommended where annual rainfall exceeds 800 mm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- W1/W2/shallow alternate wet and dry irrigation (W5) is recommendede0
- Qualifier
- R >800 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1/W2/shallow alternate wet and dry irrigation (W5) is recommended when R >800 mm”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 could save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 irrigation water.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1, W2, W3, and W5 can save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 , 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 , 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 , 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 of irrigation water”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W2 could save 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 irrigation water.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1, W2, W3, and W5 can save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 , 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 , 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 , 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 of irrigation water”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W3 could save 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 irrigation water.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1, W2, W3, and W5 can save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 , 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 , 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 , 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 of irrigation water”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
W5 could save 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 irrigation water.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W1, W2, W3, and W5 can save 3.40 × 10 11 m 3 , 3.78 × 10 11 m 3 , 2.52 × 10 8 m 3 , 2.22 × 10 11 m 3 of irrigation water”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended methods could save 3.50 × 10 11 m 3 water in Asia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“different water‐saving irrigation techniques can save 3.50 × 10 11 m 3 of water in Asia”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Countries should enact policies, educate farmers, and offer training and financial support for water saving irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- formulate policies to ensure the development of water‐saving irrigation technology, raise farmers' awareness of water conservation, and provide training and financial supporte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“countries need to formulate policies to ensure the development of water‐saving irrigation technology, raise farmers' awareness of water conservation, and provide training and financial support”
t0“rice”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · physiology: water · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
349 papers in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
376 papers more in this group
See all 380 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.