Abstract
The excessive use of chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizer can lower grain yield and P use efficiency (PUE) by aggravating soil acidity. Substituting organic manure for chemical fertilizer can alleviate the problem, although the long-term effect of organic manure incorporation is unknown. We conceptualized that substituting organic manure for chemical fertilizer may result in higher crop yields and PUE. Therefore, the impact of long-term fertilizer treatments: (i) CK (control), (ii) PK (phosphorus and potassium fertilizer), (iii) NP (nitrogen and P fertilizer), (iv) NK fertilizer, (v) NPK fertilizer, and (vi) NPKM (30% NPK fertilizer plus 70% manure) on rice yield, PUE, P uptake, and apparent balance (APB) was investigated. The results showed that rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1 (1984–1995), 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1 (1996–2007), and 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1 (2008–2018). The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995). Soil organic carbon (SOC), available P and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) under NPKM were significantly higher than other treatments during 1984–2018. Soil pH (1984–2018) was greatly higher under CK and NPKM than under other treatments. Soil total P under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM was significantly higher than under CK and NK (1984–2018). Compared to other treatments, P uptake was significantly higher under NPKM, except with that of NPK (1984–1995 and 2008–2018). The average PUE (1984–2018) was 10.7, 20.2, 36.1, and 44.2 kg kg−1 under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively. The APB under NPKM was significantly lower as compared to PK, NP, and NPK treatments. Therefore, we conclude that in addition to improving soil organic carbon, cations inputs from organic manure can be a factor for the increase in soil pH, making organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer a more efficient strategy for increasing PUE and crop yield.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1 in 1984–1995.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Value
- 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- 1984–1995e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1 (1984–1995), 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1 (1996–2007), and 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1 (2008–2018)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1 in 1996–2007.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Value
- 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- 1996–2007e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1 (1984–1995), 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1 (1996–2007), and 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1 (2008–2018)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1 in 2008–2018.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Value
- 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- 2008–2018e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice yield under different fertilizer treatments ranged from 6.2 to 11.8 t ha−1 (1984–1995), 7.9 to 12.7 t ha−1 (1996–2007), and 6.6 to 12.8 t ha−1 (2008–2018)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under NPKM (30% NPK plus 70% manure) was greatly improved compared with other treatments, except NPK in 1984–1995.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- NPKM (30% NPK fertilizer plus 70% manure)e3
- Outcome
- rice yielde2
- Direction
- greatly improvede2
- Qualifier
- except with that of NPK (1984–1995)e2
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
e3“NPKM (30% NPK fertilizer plus 70% manure)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under NPKM, soil organic carbon, available P and phosphorus activation coefficient were significantly higher than under other treatments during 1984–2018.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- NPKMe4
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon (SOC), available P and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC)e4
- Direction
- significantly highere4
- Qualifier
- 1984–2018e4
- Comparator
- other treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Soil organic carbon (SOC), available P and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) under NPKM were significantly higher than other treatments during 1984–2018”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under PK, NP, NPK and NPKM, soil total P was significantly higher than under CK and NK during 1984–2018.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- PK, NP, NPK, and NPKMe5
- Outcome
- Soil total Pe5
- Direction
- significantly highere5
- Qualifier
- 1984–2018e5
- Comparator
- CK and NKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Soil total P under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM was significantly higher than under CK and NK (1984–2018)”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH under CK and NPKM was greatly higher than under other treatments during 1984–2018.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- CK and NPKMe6
- Outcome
- Soil pHe6
- Direction
- greatly highere6
- Qualifier
- 1984–2018e6
- Comparator
- other treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Soil pH (1984–2018) was greatly higher under CK and NPKM than under other treatments”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
P uptake under NPKM was significantly higher than under other treatments, except NPK in 1984–1995 and 2008–2018.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- NPKMe7
- Outcome
- P uptakee7
- Direction
- significantly highere7
- Qualifier
- except with that of NPK (1984–1995 and 2008–2018)e7
- Comparator
- other treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Compared to other treatments, P uptake was significantly higher under NPKM, except with that of NPK (1984–1995 and 2008–2018)”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average PUE (1984–2018) under PK was 10.7 kg kg−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The average PUE (1984–2018) was 10.7, 20.2, 36.1, and 44.2 kg kg−1 under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average PUE (1984–2018) under NP was 20.2 kg kg−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The average PUE (1984–2018) was 10.7, 20.2, 36.1, and 44.2 kg kg−1 under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average PUE (1984–2018) under NPK was 36.1 kg kg−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The average PUE (1984–2018) was 10.7, 20.2, 36.1, and 44.2 kg kg−1 under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average PUE (1984–2018) under NPKM was 44.2 kg kg−1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The average PUE (1984–2018) was 10.7, 20.2, 36.1, and 44.2 kg kg−1 under PK, NP, NPK, and NPKM, respectively”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
The apparent P balance (APB) under NPKM was significantly lower than under PK, NP and NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- NPKMe3
- Outcome
- APBe3
- Direction
- significantly lowere3
- Comparator
- PK, NP, and NPK treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The APB under NPKM was significantly lower as compared to PK, NP, and NPK treatments”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cation inputs from organic manure may be a factor in the increase in soil pH.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- cations inputs from organic manuree4
- Outcome
- increase in soil pHe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“cations inputs from organic manure can be a factor for the increase in soil pH”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer is a more efficient strategy for increasing PUE and rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Outcome
- increasing PUE and crop yielde5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“making organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer a more efficient strategy for increasing PUE and crop yield”
e2“The rice yield under NPKM was greatly improved compared to other treatments, except with that of NPK (1984–1995)”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
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