Abstract
Abstract Background Faba bean attacked by soil-borne pathogens causing root rot disease. This disease has serious damage to both plant stand and produced yield. The present study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of the bioagents; Trichoderma harzianum and some plant resistance inducers as fungicide alternatives against root rot disease incidence at both pre- and post-emergence growth stages. Results Under open greenhouse conditions , the incidence of faba bean root rot in pre- and post-emergence growth phases was considerably reduced by using six inorganic salts and five antioxidants individually or combining with each other or with the bio-stimulator T. harzianum that exceeded the used fungicide, Rhizolex-T. Application of enervit agitated the highest significant defensive impact during pre-emergence stage versus root rot incidence (5.0%), followed by calcium sulfate and [cysteine + T. harzianum ] (6.7%). At post-emergence stage, majority of the treatments completely suppressed (100.0%) root rot incidence, except vitamax plus and the fungicide (Rizolex-T) which expressed by 91.7 and 18.8%, respectively. Duplicate irrigations of 23 treatments after faba bean dressing improved the synthesis of different protein contents with the 2nd of which enhanced higher protein contents than the 1st one, except [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteine. Disodium phosphate induced the highest catalase (CAT) activity (1820.8 and 1677.2 U/g FWt) after both irrigations. [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and vitamin E induced the highest peroxidase (POD) activity 217.4 and 356.9 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively. Disodium phosphate and [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) activity 52.8 and 54.4 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively. Application of disodium phosphate, calcium sulfate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium sulfate, cysteine, [cysteine + potash alum], enervit, vitamin E, [vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + enervit], [ T. harzianum + selenium], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] and vitamin C stimulated the formation of new protein bands on SDS-PAGE after the 2nd irrigation treatment. Conclusions Such treatments are considered good and environmentally safe alternatives against root diseases for getting rid of the negative effects of fungicides.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic salts and antioxidants, alone or combined with T. harzianum, reduced faba bean root rot incidence beyond Rhizolex-T.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- six inorganic salts and five antioxidants individually or combining with each other or with the bio-stimulator T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- incidence of faba bean root rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Rhizolex-Te0
- Setting
- open greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under open greenhouse conditions , the incidence of faba bean root rot in pre- and post-emergence growth phases was considerably reduced by using six inorganic salts and five antioxidants individually or combining with each other or with the bio-stimulator T. harzianum that exceeded the used fungicide, Rhizolex-T.”
Claim · model-written summary
Enervit gave the highest significant pre-emergence protection, with 5.0% root rot incidence.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- pre-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- enervite0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of enervit agitated the highest significant defensive impact during pre-emergence stage versus root rot incidence (5.0%), followed by calcium sulfate and [cysteine + T. harzianum ] (6.7%).”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate followed enervit in pre-emergence root rot protection, at 6.7% incidence.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- pre-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Direction
- followede0
- Value
- 6.7%e0
- Comparator
- enervite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of enervit agitated the highest significant defensive impact during pre-emergence stage versus root rot incidence (5.0%), followed by calcium sulfate and [cysteine + T. harzianum ] (6.7%).”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cysteine plus T. harzianum followed enervit in pre-emergence root rot protection, at 6.7% incidence.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- pre-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- [cysteine + T. harzianum ]e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Direction
- followede0
- Value
- 6.7%e0
- Comparator
- enervite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of enervit agitated the highest significant defensive impact during pre-emergence stage versus root rot incidence (5.0%), followed by calcium sulfate and [cysteine + T. harzianum ] (6.7%).”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Most treatments completely suppressed post-emergence root rot incidence.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- post-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- majority of the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Direction
- completely suppressede0
- Value
- 100.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At post-emergence stage, majority of the treatments completely suppressed (100.0%) root rot incidence, except vitamax plus and the fungicide (Rizolex-T) which expressed by 91.7 and 18.8%, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamax plus had 91.7% post-emergence root rot suppression.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- post-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- vitamax pluse0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Value
- 91.7e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At post-emergence stage, majority of the treatments completely suppressed (100.0%) root rot incidence, except vitamax plus and the fungicide (Rizolex-T) which expressed by 91.7 and 18.8%, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rizolex-T had 18.8% post-emergence root rot suppression.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Organ / stage
- post-emergence stagee0
- Treatment
- Rizolex-Te0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Value
- 18.8%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At post-emergence stage, majority of the treatments completely suppressed (100.0%) root rot incidence, except vitamax plus and the fungicide (Rizolex-T) which expressed by 91.7 and 18.8%, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Duplicate irrigations improved faba bean protein content for most treatments.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Duplicate irrigations of 23 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- different protein contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- except [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Duplicate irrigations of 23 treatments after faba bean dressing improved the synthesis of different protein contents with the 2nd of which enhanced higher protein contents than the 1st one, except [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Second irrigation enhanced protein contents more than first irrigation, except for three listed treatments.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- 2nde0
- Outcome
- protein contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteinee0
- Comparator
- 1st onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Duplicate irrigations of 23 treatments after faba bean dressing improved the synthesis of different protein contents with the 2nd of which enhanced higher protein contents than the 1st one, except [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteine.”
Claim · model-written summary
Disodium phosphate induced the highest CAT activity after first irrigation, 1820.8 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Disodium phosphatee0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1820.8e0
- Qualifier
- after both irrigationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disodium phosphate induced the highest catalase (CAT) activity (1820.8 and 1677.2 U/g FWt) after both irrigations.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Disodium phosphate induced the highest CAT activity after second irrigation, 1677.2 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Disodium phosphatee0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1677.2 U/g FWte0
- Qualifier
- after both irrigationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disodium phosphate induced the highest catalase (CAT) activity (1820.8 and 1677.2 U/g FWt) after both irrigations.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum plus vitamax induced highest POD activity after first irrigation, 217.4 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- [ T. harzianum + vitamax plus]e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 217.4e0
- Qualifier
- 1ste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“[ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and vitamin E induced the highest peroxidase (POD) activity 217.4 and 356.9 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin E induced highest POD activity after second irrigation, 356.9 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- vitamin Ee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 356.9 U/g FWte0
- Qualifier
- 2nde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“[ T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and vitamin E induced the highest peroxidase (POD) activity 217.4 and 356.9 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Disodium phosphate induced highest CHIA activity after first irrigation, 52.8 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Disodium phosphatee0
- Outcome
- chitinase (CHIA) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.8e0
- Qualifier
- 1ste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disodium phosphate and [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) activity 52.8 and 54.4 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum plus vitamins and other agents induced highest CHIA activity after second irrigation, 54.4 U/g FWt.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus]e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chitinase (CHIA) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 54.4 U/g FWte0
- Qualifier
- 2nde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disodium phosphate and [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) activity 52.8 and 54.4 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Listed resistance inducer treatments stimulated new protein bands after second irrigation.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Application of disodium phosphate, calcium sulfate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium sulfate, cysteine, [cysteine + potash alum], enervit, vitamin E, [vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + enervit], [ T. harzianum + selenium], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] and vitamin Ce0
- Outcome
- formation of new protein bandse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- after the 2nd irrigation treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of disodium phosphate, calcium sulfate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium sulfate, cysteine, [cysteine + potash alum], enervit, vitamin E, [vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [ T. harzianum + enervit], [ T. harzianum + selenium], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E], [ T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] and vitamin C stimulated the formation of new protein bands on SDS-PAGE after the 2nd irrigation treatment.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider the treatments environmentally safe alternatives to fungicides for root diseases.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- environmentally safe alternatives against root diseasese0
- Comparator
- fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Such treatments are considered good and environmentally safe alternatives against root diseases for getting rid of the negative effects of fungicides.”
t0“faba bean”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.