Abstract
Rotation and fertilization are important methods used to improve crop yield. In particular, crop rotation is an effective means of enhancing ecosystem diversity; however, there exist relatively few studies regarding the effects of long-term maize–soybean rotation and fertilization on soil microbial communities. To further understand the changes in soil microbial community structure under long-term maize–soybean rotation and fertilization, we used a 9-year-old experimental site with maize–soybean rotation as the research object and soybean continuous cropping as a control. We explored the growth effects of soybean and the changes in soil microbial communities under the soybean–maize rotation system and fertilization treatments by analyzing the physicochemical properties of the soil, crop agronomic traits, yield, and changes in soil microbial community structure. The results show that, in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the agronomic effects of nitrogen following rotation combined with fertilization. Moreover, the soil pH, SOM, and nutrient status were also improved. Bryobacter, Gemmatimonas, and Rhodanobacter were the dominant bacteria. Rotation treatment increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobacter, and fertilization treatment increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonas. Rotation also increased the stability of the bacterial community structure and strengthened the symbiotic relationship between species. The prediction of nitrogen-related functional genes indicates that rotation increased soil ammonification and nitrification. Heterocephalacria and Mrakia were the dominant fungal genera under crop rotation. The abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia was significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen levels and crop yield. Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia and reduced the abundance of Fusarium, but fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium. Functional gene prediction also indicates that the relative abundance of plant pathogens was significantly reduced. This study provides a theoretical basis for soil microbial diversity and ecosystem service function in long-term soybean–maize rotation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Maize–soybean rotation with fertilization raised soybean yield by 12.11% relative to soybean continuous cropping.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- maize–soybean rotatione1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 12.11%e1
- Qualifier
- different fertilization treatmentse1
- Comparator
- soybean continuous croppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize–soybean rotation with fertilization raised soybean yield by 21.42% relative to soybean continuous cropping.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- maize–soybean rotatione1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 21.42%e1
- Qualifier
- different fertilization treatmentse1
- Comparator
- soybean continuous croppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation combined with fertilization significantly increased the agronomic effects of nitrogen.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- rotation combined with fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- agronomic effects of nitrogene2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“there was a significant increase in the agronomic effects of nitrogen following rotation combined with fertilization”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize–soybean rotation improved soil pH, soil organic matter and nutrient status relative to soybean continuous cropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- maize–soybean rotatione0
- Outcome
- soil pH, SOM, and nutrient statuse3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- soybean continuous croppinge0
- Setting
- 9-year-old experimental sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Moreover, the soil pH, SOM, and nutrient status were also improved”
e0“we used a 9-year-old experimental site with maize–soybean rotation as the research object and soybean continuous cropping as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Bryobacter, Gemmatimonas and Rhodanobacter were the dominant soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- dominant bacteriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Bryobacter, Gemmatimonas, and Rhodanobacter were the dominant bacteria”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobacter.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rotation treatmente5
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobactere5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Rotation treatment increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobacter, and fertilization treatment increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonas”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonas.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- fertilization treatmente5
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Gemmatimonase5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Rotation treatment increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Rhodanobacter, and fertilization treatment increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonas”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation increased the stability of the bacterial community structure.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rotatione6
- Outcome
- stability of the bacterial community structuree6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Rotation also increased the stability of the bacterial community structure and strengthened the symbiotic relationship between species”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation strengthened the symbiotic relationship between species in the bacterial community.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Rotatione6
- Outcome
- symbiotic relationship between speciese6
- Direction
- strengthenede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Rotation also increased the stability of the bacterial community structure and strengthened the symbiotic relationship between species”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional gene prediction indicates that rotation increased soil ammonification and nitrification.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- rotatione2
- Outcome
- soil ammonification and nitrificatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The prediction of nitrogen-related functional genes indicates that rotation increased soil ammonification and nitrification”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterocephalacria and Mrakia were the dominant fungal genera under crop rotation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- crop rotatione2
- Outcome
- dominant fungal generae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heterocephalacria and Mrakia were the dominant fungal genera under crop rotation”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia was significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Compound
- ammonium nitrogene2
- Outcome
- abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakiae2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia was significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen levels and crop yield”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharomyces Mrakia abundance was significantly positively correlated with crop yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- Saccharomyces Mrakiae2other
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- positively correlatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia was significantly positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen levels and crop yield”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Crop rotatione2
- Outcome
- abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakiae2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia and reduced the abundance of Fusarium, but fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop rotation reduced the abundance of Fusarium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Crop rotatione2
- Outcome
- abundance of Fusariume2
- Direction
- reducede2
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia and reduced the abundance of Fusarium, but fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- abundance of Fusariume2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Crop rotation increased the abundance of Saccharomyces Mrakia and reduced the abundance of Fusarium, but fertilization increased the abundance of Fusarium”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional gene prediction indicates that the relative abundance of plant pathogens was significantly reduced.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- plant pathogense2pathogen
- Outcome
- relative abundance of plant pathogense2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Functional gene prediction also indicates that the relative abundance of plant pathogens was significantly reduced”
e1“in comparison with soybean continuous cropping, the yield of soybeans was increased by 12.11% and 21.42% under maize–soybean rotation with different fertilization treatments, respectively”
The same questions in other papers
rotation · Fusarium · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
rotation · soil: biology · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →rotation · nutrient: content · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →rotation · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
106 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
140 papers more in this group
See all 144 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.