Abstract
Soybean is an S-loving crop, and continuous cropping might cause soil sulfur shortage. The primary objectives of this study are to determine whether Funneliformis mosseae ( F. mosseae ) can enhance the content of available S in S-deficient soil and thereby improve the sulfur utilization rate in soybean. The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province, and F. mosseae was inoculated in the soil of soybean that had been continuously cropped for 0 and 3 years. The results of the barium sulfur turbidimetric assay show that the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae ; the results of the macro-genome sequencing technology, show that the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soil was decreased by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae . The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levels were lower in the continuous crop group compared to the control group and higher in the F.mosseae -inoculated group compared to the control group. Continuous cropping reduced the sulfur content and ratio of soybean rhizosphere soil, affecting soil flora activity and thus soybean growth; F. mosseae inoculation increased the sulfur content of soybean root-perimeter soil and plants, increased the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, increased the expression of genes for sulfur transport systems, sulfur metabolism, and other metabolic functions related to elemental sulfur, and increased the species abundance and metabolic vigor of most SOB. In summary, continuous cropping inhibits soil sulfur uptake and utilization in soybean while the inoculation with F. mosseae can significantly improve this situation. This study offers a theoretical research foundation for using AMF as a bio-fungal agent to enhance soil sulfur use. It also supports the decrease of chemical fertilizers, their substitution, and the protection of native soil.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping reduced the sulfur content of soil and soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe5 - Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- continuous croppinge1
- Outcome
- sulfur contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased the sulfur content of soil and soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- inoculation with F. mosseaee2
- Interactor
- F. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee2symbiont - Outcome
- sulfur contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping decreased the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- continuous croppinge3
- Outcome
- diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soile3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soil was decreased by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- inoculation with F. mosseaee3
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee3symbiont
- Outcome
- diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soile3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the soil was decreased by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping lowered sulfur-oxidizing bacteria activity and sulfur-related gene expression relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- continuous crope4
- Outcome
- sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levelse4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- control groupe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levels were lower in the continuous crop group compared to the control group and higher in the F.mosseae -inoculated group compared to the control group”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation raised sulfur-oxidizing bacteria activity and sulfur-related gene expression relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- F.mosseae -inoculated groupe4
- Interactor
- F.mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee4symbiont
- Outcome
- sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levelse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- control groupe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) activity and sulfur-related gene expression levels were lower in the continuous crop group compared to the control group and higher in the F.mosseae -inoculated group compared to the control group”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased the expression of genes for sulfur transport systems and sulfur metabolism.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- inoculation with F. mosseaee2
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee2symbiont
- Gene
- genes for sulfur transport systemse7
- Outcome
- expression of genes for sulfur transport systems, sulfur metabolisme7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“increased the expression of genes for sulfur transport systems, sulfur metabolism, and other metabolic functions related to elemental sulfur”
e2“the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
Claim · model-written summary
F. mosseae inoculation increased the species abundance and metabolic vigor of most sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Material
- Heinong 48 (HN48)e5
- Treatment
- inoculation with F. mosseaee2
- Interactor
- F. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee2symbiont
- Outcome
- species abundance and metabolic vigor of most SOBe6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“increased the species abundance and metabolic vigor of most SOB”
e2“the sulfur content in the soil and soybean was reduced by continuous cropping and increased by inoculation with F. mosseae”
e5“The experiment used Heinong 48 (HN48), a soybean variety with a vast planting area in Heilongjiang Province”
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