Abstract
This research examined the effectiveness of zinc foliar fertilizers. Two winter wheat varieties, GK Pilis and Zvezdana, were tested in a Zn-limited meadow chernozem soil. Crop yields and chlorophyll concentrations of the leaves were examined in the growing seasons of 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions and 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions. In the experiment, three treatments were carried out with monozinc foliar fertilizer of a concentrated 12% (w/v) zinc sulfate heptahydrate solution, and the fourth plot was designed as the untreated control. The first monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha−1 and the second monozinc treatment at a dose of 2 L ha−1. These treatments were applied at tillering (BBCH 21–22). The third monozinc treatment was applied at a dose of 1 L ha−1 at tillering and flag leaf emergence (BBCH 21–22, BBCH 37). Samples were taken several times in the vegetation period, and measurements were made using different methods (SPAD, determination of total chlorophyll concentration from acetone solution) before and after Zn treatments. In 2020/2021 of favorable weather conditions, the yield of Zvezdana was 5.47 t ha−1 and that of Gk Pilis was 6.11 t ha−1, compared to 2021/2022 of drought weather conditions, in which year the yield of Zvezdana was 3.14 t ha−1 and that of Gk Pilis was 2.79 t ha−1. Yields of both varieties increased with increasing NPK nutrient doses. In 2021/2022, even at nutrient level D (NPK basal fertilizer and two-times N topdressing), we harvested on average twice as much as in 2020/2021 at nutrient level A (N basal fertilizer and once N topdressing). No significant effects were found between the foliar fertilizers in 2020/2021. In 2021/2022, Zn treatments, mainly at four nutrient levels tended to increase the yields of both varieties. The first treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 3% for GK Pilis, and the second treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 1.2% for Zvezdana. After the second and third treatments, grain yield reductions were 0.1%–0.5%. Although there was no significant difference in terms of the main averages, foliar fertilizer was found to be effective in the second year. The relationship between chlorophyll and grain yield was found to depend on the year and variety. A weak correlation (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) was found between the total chlorophyll concentration in leaves for Zvezdana in 2021, and a medium correlation for GK Pilis (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). Concerning grain yield and chlorophyll concentration, a strong correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.05) was found for Zvezdana in 2022, and a weak correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) for GK Pilis. A strong correlation was found between the total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD index in both years (r = 0.81, p < 0.05)
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Zvezdana yielded 5.47 t ha−1 in 2020/2021.
Not reportedSetting
Verbatim
e0“the yield of Zvezdana was 5.47 t ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
GK Pilis yielded 6.11 t ha−1 in 2020/2021.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Gk Pilise0
- Outcome
- that of Gk Pilise0
- Value
- 6.11 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of Gk Pilis was 6.11 t ha−1”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zvezdana yielded 3.14 t ha−1 in the drought season.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of Zvezdana was 3.14 t ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
GK Pilis yielded 2.79 t ha−1 in the drought season.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Gk Pilise0
- Outcome
- that of Gk Pilise0
- Value
- 2.79 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of Gk Pilis was 2.79 t ha−1”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of both varieties increased with increasing NPK doses.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing NPK nutrient dosese0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of both varieties increased with increasing NPK nutrient doses”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient level D in 2021/2022 yielded on average twice nutrient level A in 2020/2021.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nutrient level De0
- Outcome
- harvestede0
- Direction
- twice as muche0
- Value
- twice as muche0
- Comparator
- nutrient level Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2021/2022, even at nutrient level D (NPK basal fertilizer and two-times N topdressing), we harvested on average twice as much as in 2020/2021 at nutrient level A (N basal fertilizer and once N topdressing)”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fertilizers had no significant differences in 2020/2021.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant effects were found between the foliar fertilizers in 2020/2021”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn treatments tended to increase both varieties’ yields in 2021/2022.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- mainly at four nutrient levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2021/2022, Zn treatments, mainly at four nutrient levels tended to increase the yields of both varieties”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The first treatment reduced GK Pilis grain yield by 3%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GK Pilise0
- Treatment
- first treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The first treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 3% for GK Pilis”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The second treatment reduced Zvezdana grain yield by 1.2%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Zvezdanae0
- Treatment
- second treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the second treatment resulted in a grain yield reduction of 1.2% for Zvezdana”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Second and third treatments reduced grain yield by 0.1%–0.5%.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- second and third treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 0.1%–0.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After the second and third treatments, grain yield reductions were 0.1%–0.5%”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The chlorophyll and yield relationship depended on year and variety.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- varietye0
- Outcome
- relationship between chlorophyll and grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between chlorophyll and grain yield was found to depend on the year and variety”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zvezdana had a weak reported correlation in 2021 (r = 0.33).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Zvezdanae0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll concentration in leavese0
- Value
- r = 0.33e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A weak correlation (r = 0.33, p < 0.05) was found between the total chlorophyll concentration in leaves for Zvezdana in 2021”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GK Pilis had a medium reported correlation (r = 0.67).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GK Pilise0
- Outcome
- medium correlatione0
- Value
- r = 0.67e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a medium correlation for GK Pilis (r = 0.67, p < 0.05)”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zvezdana grain yield and chlorophyll concentration were strongly correlated in 2022 (r = 0.81).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Zvezdanae0
- Outcome
- grain yield and chlorophyll concentratione0
- Value
- r = 0.81e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concerning grain yield and chlorophyll concentration, a strong correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.05) was found for Zvezdana in 2022”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
GK Pilis grain yield and chlorophyll concentration were weakly correlated (r = 0.44).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Material
- GK Pilise0
- Outcome
- weak correlatione0
- Value
- r = 0.44e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a weak correlation (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) for GK Pilis”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD index were strongly correlated in both years (r = 0.81).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD indexe0
- Value
- r = 0.81e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A strong correlation was found between the total leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD index in both years (r = 0.81, p < 0.05)”
t0“Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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