Abstract
The use of saline water under drought conditions is critical for sustainable agricultural development in arid regions. Biochar is used as a soil amendment to enhance soil properties such as water-holding capacity and the source of nutrition elements of plants. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar application on the morpho-physiological traits and yield of tomatoes under combined salinity and drought stress in greenhouses. There were 16 treatments consist two water quality fresh and saline (0.9 and 2.3 dS m−1), three deficit irrigation levels (DI) 80, 60, and 40% addition 100% of Evapotranspiration (ETc), and biochar application by rate 5% (BC5%) (w/w) and untreated soil (BC0%). The results indicated that the salinity and water deficit negatively affected morphological, physiological, and yield traits. In contrast, the application of biochar improved all traits. The interaction between biochar and saline water leads to decreased vegetative growth indices, leaf gas exchange, the relative water content of leaves (LRWC), photosynthetic pigments, and yield, especially with the water supply deficit (60 and 40% ETc), where the yield decreased by 42.48% under the highest water deficit at 40% ETc compared to the control. The addition of biochar with freshwater led to a significantly increased vegetative growth, physiological traits, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and less proline content under all various water treatments compared to untreated soil. In general, biochar combined with DI and freshwater could improve morpho-physiological attributes, sustain the growth of tomato plants, and increase productivity in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity negatively affected morphological, physiological and yield traits of tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- morphological, physiological, and yield traitse0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the salinity and water deficit negatively affected morphological, physiological, and yield traits”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit negatively affected morphological, physiological and yield traits of tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water deficite0
- Outcome
- morphological, physiological, and yield traitse0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that the salinity and water deficit negatively affected morphological, physiological, and yield traits”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application improved all measured tomato traits.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of biochare0
- Outcome
- all traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of biochar improved all traits”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of biochar and saline water decreased vegetative growth indices, leaf gas exchange and leaf relative water content in tomato, especially with water deficit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interaction between biochar and saline watere0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth indices, leaf gas exchange, the relative water content of leaves (LRWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- especially with the water supply deficit (60 and 40% ETc)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between biochar and saline water leads to decreased vegetative growth indices, leaf gas exchange, the relative water content of leaves (LRWC), photosynthetic pigments, and yield, especially with the water supply deficit (60 and 40% ETc)”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of biochar and saline water decreased photosynthetic pigments and yield in tomato, especially with water deficit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- interaction between biochar and saline watere0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- especially with the water supply deficit (60 and 40% ETc)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between biochar and saline water leads to decreased vegetative growth indices, leaf gas exchange, the relative water content of leaves (LRWC), photosynthetic pigments, and yield, especially with the water supply deficit (60 and 40% ETc)”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield decreased by 42.48% under the highest water deficit of 40% ETc compared with the control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- highest water deficit at 40% ETce0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42.48%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield decreased by 42.48% under the highest water deficit at 40% ETc compared to the control”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar with freshwater significantly increased vegetative growth, physiological traits and yield of tomato under all water treatments compared with untreated soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar with freshwatere0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth, physiological traits, yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar with freshwater led to a significantly increased vegetative growth, physiological traits, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and less proline content under all various water treatments compared to untreated soil”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar with freshwater significantly increased water use efficiency of tomato under all water treatments compared with untreated soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar with freshwatere0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar with freshwater led to a significantly increased vegetative growth, physiological traits, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and less proline content under all various water treatments compared to untreated soil”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding biochar with freshwater led to lower proline content in tomato under all water treatments compared with untreated soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of biochar with freshwatere0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of biochar with freshwater led to a significantly increased vegetative growth, physiological traits, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and less proline content under all various water treatments compared to untreated soil”
t0“Tomato Crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that biochar combined with deficit irrigation and freshwater could improve morpho-physiological attributes, sustain growth and increase productivity of tomato in arid and semi-arid regions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biochar combined with DI and freshwatere0
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological attributese0
- Setting
- arid and semi-arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar combined with DI and freshwater could improve morpho-physiological attributes, sustain the growth of tomato plants, and increase productivity in arid and semi-arid regions”
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