Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is highly susceptible to climate change, with soil salinization and the increase in average temperatures being two of the main factors affecting crop productivity in this region. Following our previous studies on describing the detrimental effects of heat and salt stress co-exposure on tomato plants, this study aimed to understand if substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar could mitigate the negative consequences of these stresses. Upon 21 days of exposure, stressed tomato plants grown under supplemented substrates showed increased tolerance to heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combination, presenting increased biomass and flowering rate. The beneficial effects of AMF and biochar were associated with a better ionic balance (i.e. lower sodium accumulation and higher uptake of calcium and magnesium) and increased photosynthetic efficiency. Indeed, these plants presented higher chlorophyll content and improved CO2 assimilation rates. Biochemical data further supported that tomato plants grown with AMF and biochar were capable of efficiently modulating their defence pathways, evidenced by the accumulation of proline, ascorbate, and glutathione, coupled with a lower dependency on energy-costly enzymatic antioxidant players. In summary, the obtained data strongly point towards a beneficial role of combined AMF and biochar as sustainable tools to improve plant growth and development under a climate change scenario, where soil salinization and heat peaks often occur together.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented tomato plants showed increased heat tolerance after 21 days.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochare1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerance to heate0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 42 °C for 4 h/daye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon 21 days of exposure, stressed tomato plants grown under supplemented substrates showed increased tolerance to heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combination, presenting increased biomass and flowering rate.”
e1“substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented tomato plants showed increased salt tolerance after 21 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochare1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- salt (100 mM NaCl)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon 21 days of exposure, stressed tomato plants grown under supplemented substrates showed increased tolerance to heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combination, presenting increased biomass and flowering rate.”
e1“substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented tomato plants showed increased tolerance to combined heat and salt stress after 21 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochare1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combinatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon 21 days of exposure, stressed tomato plants grown under supplemented substrates showed increased tolerance to heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combination, presenting increased biomass and flowering rate.”
e1“substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented stressed tomato plants showed increased biomass and flowering rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochare1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie1symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass and flowering ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon 21 days of exposure, stressed tomato plants grown under supplemented substrates showed increased tolerance to heat (42 °C for 4 h/day), salt (100 mM NaCl), and their combination, presenting increased biomass and flowering rate.”
e1“substrate supplementation with a combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefits of AMF and biochar were associated with lower sodium accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- sodium accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effects of AMF and biochar were associated with a better ionic balance (i.e. lower sodium accumulation and higher uptake of calcium and magnesium) and increased photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefits of AMF and biochar were associated with higher calcium and magnesium uptake.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of calcium and magnesiume0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effects of AMF and biochar were associated with a better ionic balance (i.e. lower sodium accumulation and higher uptake of calcium and magnesium) and increased photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefits of AMF and biochar were associated with increased photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beneficial effects of AMF and biochar were associated with a better ionic balance (i.e. lower sodium accumulation and higher uptake of calcium and magnesium) and increased photosynthetic efficiency.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented plants had higher chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indeed, these plants presented higher chlorophyll content and improved CO2 assimilation rates.”
e1“tomato plants grown with AMF and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemented plants had improved CO2 assimilation rates.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- CO2 assimilation ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indeed, these plants presented higher chlorophyll content and improved CO2 assimilation rates.”
e1“tomato plants grown with AMF and biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants with AMF and biochar accumulated proline, ascorbate and glutathione.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of proline, ascorbate, and glutathionee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants grown with AMF and biochar were capable of efficiently modulating their defence pathways, evidenced by the accumulation of proline, ascorbate, and glutathione, coupled with a lower dependency on energy-costly enzymatic antioxidant players.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants with AMF and biochar had lower dependence on enzymatic antioxidants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- AMF and biochare0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- dependency on energy-costly enzymatic antioxidant playerse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants grown with AMF and biochar were capable of efficiently modulating their defence pathways, evidenced by the accumulation of proline, ascorbate, and glutathione, coupled with a lower dependency on energy-costly enzymatic antioxidant players.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support combined AMF and biochar as sustainable tools for growth and development under co-occurring salinity and heat.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- combined AMF and biochar as sustainable toolse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the obtained data strongly point towards a beneficial role of combined AMF and biochar as sustainable tools to improve plant growth and development under a climate change scenario, where soil salinization and heat peaks often occur together.”
t0“tomato”
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See all 144 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.