Abstract
Plant growth and development are impeded by abiotic stresses that interfere with physiological processes. This study aimed to assess the distinct and combined effects of biochar and brassinosteroids (BRs) on Rio Grande and Amitabh-004 tomato plants under water deficit stress. Results showed that biochar has porous morphology with significant water absorption and retention capability as inveterate by SEM. EDX of biochar illustrated the existence of various essential elements including carbon (75.04%), oxygen (13.57%), nitrogen (5.66%), potassium (2.43%), and calcium (1.52%). Similarly, Co-application of biochar and BRs quenched the drought stress by triggering antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SOD accompanied with photosynthetic pigments boosting and amplification of osmolytes including proline, sugar and proteins for the better survival of plants under stress. Furthermore, HPLC of Gallic acid was identified at the retention time of 2.307 with peak area 63.25 and Vitamin-C at 3.15 retention times with peak area of 34.27 in all treatments of both varieties supplemented with different stresses along with biochar and BRs. Furthermore, Drought-stress significantly affects the agronomic feature of tomato plants such as leaf area, fresh biomasses of leaf, root and shoot, root length. Physicochemical characteristics i.e., pH, soil moisture, and percent field capacity are also adversely affected by water deficit stress. The principal component of physiological attributes was found to have 20.51% followed by 17.93%, 14.70%, 11.68% and 10.69%. Conclusively, the study emphasizes the potential of biochar and BRs to alleviate drought stress and enhance physio-biochemical attributes, thereby promoting improved plant growth under water deficit conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had porous morphology and significant water absorption and retention capability.
- Taxon
- TOMATO
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Outcome
- water absorption and retention capabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar has porous morphology with significant water absorption and retention capability as inveterate by SEM”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar contained carbon at 75.04%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- carbone0
- Value
- 75.04%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbon (75.04%), oxygen (13.57%), nitrogen (5.66%), potassium (2.43%), and calcium (1.52%)”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar contained oxygen at 13.57%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- oxygene0
- Value
- 13.57%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxygen (13.57%)”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar contained nitrogen at 5.66%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Value
- 5.66%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen (5.66%)”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar contained potassium at 2.43%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Value
- 2.43%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium (2.43%)”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar contained calcium at 1.52%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- calciume0
- Value
- 1.52%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium (1.52%)”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and BRs triggered POD, APX, CAT, and SOD under drought stress.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Co-application of biochar and BRse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SODe0
- Direction
- triggeringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of biochar and BRs quenched the drought stress by triggering antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SOD”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and BRs boosted photosynthetic pigments under drought stress.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Co-application of biochar and BRse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- boostinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of biochar and BRs quenched the drought stress by triggering antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SOD accompanied with photosynthetic pigments boosting”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and BRs amplified proline, sugar, and proteins under drought stress.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Co-application of biochar and BRse0
- Outcome
- osmolytes including proline, sugar and proteinse0
- Direction
- amplificatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of biochar and BRs quenched the drought stress by triggering antioxidant-enzymes including POD, APX, CAT and SOD accompanied with photosynthetic pigments boosting and amplification of osmolytes including proline, sugar and proteins”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid was detected by HPLC at retention time 2.307 with peak area 63.25.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Gallic acid was identifiede0
- Value
- 2.307e0
- Qualifier
- peak area 63.25e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gallic acid was identified at the retention time of 2.307 with peak area 63.25”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin-C was detected by HPLC at retention time 3.15 with peak area 34.27.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Vitamin-Ce0
- Value
- 3.15e0
- Qualifier
- peak area of 34.27e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vitamin-C at 3.15 retention times with peak area of 34.27”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress significantly affected tomato leaf area, leaf, root and shoot fresh biomass, and root length.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Drought-stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf area, fresh biomasses of leaf, root and shoot, root lengthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought-stress significantly affects the agronomic feature of tomato plants such as leaf area, fresh biomasses of leaf, root and shoot, root length.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit stress adversely affected soil pH, moisture, and field capacity.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- pH, soil moisture, and percent field capacitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physicochemical characteristics i.e., pH, soil moisture, and percent field capacity are also adversely affected by water deficit stress.”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Five principal components of physiological attributes explained 20.51%, 17.93%, 14.70%, 11.68%, and 10.69%.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- principal component of physiological attributese0
- Value
- 20.51% followed by 17.93%, 14.70%, 11.68% and 10.69%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The principal component of physiological attributes was found to have 20.51% followed by 17.93%, 14.70%, 11.68% and 10.69%.”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude biochar and BRs can alleviate drought stress and improve tomato physiology and growth.
- Taxon
- TOMATOSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and BRse0
- Outcome
- alleviate drought stress and enhance physio-biochemical attributes, thereby promoting improved plant growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potential of biochar and BRs to alleviate drought stress and enhance physio-biochemical attributes, thereby promoting improved plant growth under water deficit conditions”
t0“TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.