Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. It has already developed a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides including nitenpyram (NIT), which is a main synthetic insecticide that is used to control BPH with a much shorter persistence compared to other neonicotinoid insecticides. Recently, we found that an exogenous supplement of paclobutrazol (PZ) could significantly enhance the efficacy of NIT against BPH, and the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic effect was explored. The results showed that the addition of a range of 150–300 mg/L PZ increased the toxicity of NIT against BPH with the highest mortalities of 78.0–87.0% on the 16th day after treatments, and PZ could also significantly prolong the persistence of the NIT efficacies. Further investigation suggested that PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, which might be involved in the constitutive defense of rice in advance. Additionally, there was an interaction between PZ and BPH infestation, indicating that PZ might activate the host defense responses. Therefore, PZ increased the efficacy of NIT against the brown planthoppers by enhancing the constitutive and inducible defense responses of rice. Our study showed for the first time that PZ could contribute to improving the control effects of insecticides via inducing the defense responses in rice plants against BPH, which provided an important theoretical basis for developing novel pest management strategies in the field.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 150–300 mg/L paclobutrazol increased nitenpyram toxicity against brown planthopper, with 78.0–87.0% mortality on day 16.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 150–300 mg/L PZe0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- toxicity of NIT against BPHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.0–87.0%e0
- Comparator
- NITe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of a range of 150–300 mg/L PZ increased the toxicity of NIT against BPH with the highest mortalities of 78.0–87.0% on the 16th day after treatments”
t0“rice pests in Asia”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol significantly prolonged nitenpyram efficacy against brown planthopper.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Outcome
- persistence of the NIT efficaciese0
- Direction
- prolonge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PZ could also significantly prolong the persistence of the NIT efficacies”
t0“rice pests in Asia”
e1“The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol increased rice flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Outcome
- content of flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol increased rice H2O2 content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Outcome
- content of flavonoids and H2O2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol increased rice polyphenol oxidase activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- activity of polyphenol oxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PZ directly increased the content of flavonoids and H2O2 in rice and increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol interacted with brown planthopper infestation, suggesting activation of rice host defenses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- host defense responsese0
- Qualifier
- might activatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was an interaction between PZ and BPH infestation, indicating that PZ might activate the host defense responses”
t0“rice pests in Asia”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute improved nitenpyram control of brown planthopper to stronger constitutive and inducible rice defense.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- PZe0
- Interactor
- brown planthoppers
Nilaparvata lugense0pest - Outcome
- efficacy of NIT against the brown planthopperse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- enhancing the constitutive and inducible defense responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PZ increased the efficacy of NIT against the brown planthoppers by enhancing the constitutive and inducible defense responses of rice”
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