Abstract
Lemon juice solution (LJS) contains several bioactive substances, which could make it a novel phyto-catalyst for stressed crops. It may act as an anti-heavy metal agent, effectively ameliorating damage to plants under cadmium (Cd) stress. Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to investigate the potential reinforcing influences of priming Phaseolus vulgaris seeds in 0.8 mM citric acid (CiA) or 5% LJS on germination, growth, physio-biochemical attributes, antioxidant capacity, and antioxidant gene expressions under watering with 1.0 mM Cd-contaminated water (Cd-CW). Watering the P. vulgaris with Cd-CW reduced seed germination and root activity while increasing Cd translocation factor (Cd-TF) and Cd level of root and shoot systems. Furthermore, Cd-CW elevated the levels of O2•−, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL) while reducing membrane stability (MSI), total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm) due to the reduced relative water content (RWC), thereby decreasing seedling biomass. However, seed priming in LJS or CiA attenuated the Cd stress damage of P. vulgaris seedlings. LJS or CiA elevated seed germination (by 56.9 or 31.4%), root activity (by 51.9 or 29.6%), RWC (by 80.6 or 75.1%), MSI (by 59.4 or 29.8%), total chlorophyll content (by 107.0 or 47.4%), carotenoids content (by 77.1 or 37.1%), and Fv/Fm (by 94.9 or 48.7%) with reduced Cd-TF (by 26.5 or 11.8%), Cd content in roots (by 25.2 or 15.7%) and shoots (by 44.6 or 23.7%). These positive outcomes from LJS or CiA were associated with reductions in the levels of O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and EL due to the increased levels of osmo-regulators (ORs) (soluble sugars and proline), various antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) activities, and enzyme-related genes expression. Our findings support the use of LJS as a novel phyto-catalyst, which yielded better results, markedly superior to CiA under Cd stress.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-contaminated water reduced seed germination and root activity in P. vulgaris.
- Taxon
- P. vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- Cd-CWe0
- Outcome
- seed germination and root activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Watering the P. vulgaris with Cd-CW reduced seed germination and root activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-contaminated water increased Cd translocation factor and Cd levels in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd-CWe1
- Outcome
- Cd translocation factor (Cd-TF) and Cd level of root and shoot systemse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“increasing Cd translocation factor (Cd-TF) and Cd level of root and shoot systems”
e1“Watering the P. vulgaris with Cd-CW reduced seed germination and root activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-contaminated water raised oxidative damage indicators and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd-CWe0
- Outcome
- levels of O2•−, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Cd-CW elevated the levels of O2•−, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-contaminated water reduced membrane stability, pigments, and photosystem II efficiency.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd-CWe0
- Outcome
- membrane stability (MSI), total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Cd-CW elevated the levels of O2•−, H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL) while reducing membrane stability (MSI), total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and efficiency of the photosystem II (Fv/Fm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced relative water content under cadmium stress was linked to decreased seedling biomass.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- seedling biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Qualifier
- reduced relative water content (RWC)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“due to the reduced relative water content (RWC), thereby decreasing seedling biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised germination by 56.9% under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJSe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 56.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination (by 56.9 or 31.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised germination by 31.4% under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 31.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination (by 56.9 or 31.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised root activity by 51.9%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJSe1
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 51.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“root activity (by 51.9 or 29.6%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised root activity by 29.6%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 29.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“root activity (by 51.9 or 29.6%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised relative water content by 80.6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“RWC (by 80.6 or 75.1%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised relative water content by 75.1%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 75.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“RWC (by 80.6 or 75.1%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised membrane stability by 59.4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“MSI (by 59.4 or 29.8%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised membrane stability by 29.8%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- MSIe0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 29.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“MSI (by 59.4 or 29.8%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised total chlorophyll content by 107.0%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJSe1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 107.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“total chlorophyll content (by 107.0 or 47.4%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised total chlorophyll content by 47.4%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 47.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“total chlorophyll content (by 107.0 or 47.4%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised carotenoids content by 77.1%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJSe1
- Outcome
- carotenoids contente0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 77.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“carotenoids content (by 77.1 or 37.1%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised carotenoids content by 37.1%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- carotenoids contente0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 37.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“carotenoids content (by 77.1 or 37.1%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice priming raised photosystem II efficiency by 94.9%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJSe1
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 94.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Fv/Fm (by 94.9 or 48.7%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid priming raised photosystem II efficiency by 48.7%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- CiAe1
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Value
- 48.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Fv/Fm (by 94.9 or 48.7%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemon juice or citric acid priming reduced cadmium translocation and root and shoot cadmium content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- LJS or CiAe1
- Outcome
- Cd-TFe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“with reduced Cd-TF (by 26.5 or 11.8%), Cd content in roots (by 25.2 or 15.7%) and shoots (by 44.6 or 23.7%)”
e1“LJS or CiA elevated seed germination”
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